Table 3.
Natural products that can overcome drug resistance and inhibit apoptosis signaling.
| Compound name | Dose | Drug target1 | Model cell | Chemodrug | IDS2 | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single compound | ||||||
| Curcumin | 10 μM | Caspase-3 | HCT8/5FU | 5-Fluorouracil | 10.1 | [131] |
| Dihydroartemisinin | 230 nM | Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3 | A549/DDP | Cisplatin | 8.3 | [132] |
| Elemene | 10–30 μg/mL | GSH, Bcl-2, and Bad | Various | Various | 2.2–3.7 | [133–135] |
| Emodin | 30 μM | p-EGFR and p-ERK | HCC827/GR | Gefitinib | 6.0 | [136] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | 80 μM | Bcl-2 and Bax | K562/A02 | Doxorubicin | 24.2 | [137] |
| Ginsenoside Rh2 | 10 μM | A549/DDP | Cisplatin | 3.5 | [138] | |
| Neferine | 10 μM | Bcl-2 | SGC7901/VCR | Vincristine | 43.8 | [139] |
| Parthenolide | 20 μM | Survivin and Bcl-2 | A549/GR | Gefitinib | 8.7 | [140] |
| Phenylpropanoid glycoside | 40 μg/mL | Caspase-3 | LoVo/ADR | Doxorubicin | 9.9 | [141] |
| Retinoic acid | 1 μM | Bcl-2 | MCF7/TAM | Tamoxifen | 6.7 | [142] |
| Tetrandrine | 1.0 μg/mL | Bcl-2 and Bax | BIU-87/ADM | Doxorubicin | 2.2 | [143] |
| Herbal extract | ||||||
| Realgar | 15 μg/mL | Bcl-2 | MCF7/ADM | Doxorubicin | 2.3 | [144] |
1Levels of protein or mRNA or both were quantified.
2IDS, increase in drug sensitivity (x-fold).
IDS = IC50 in control group/IC50 in experimental group.