Table 1.
A summary of psychophysical studies on the development (from early childhood to adulthood) of global motion perception.
| Study | Global motion task | Age groups | Motion direction | Speed (deg/s) | Density (dots/deg2) | Display size (in deg) | Dot life time | Trial duration | Luminance | Threshold calculation | Age of maturation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spencer et al., 2000 | RDKa strips | 7-, 8–9-, 10–11-Year-olds (n = 50) and adults (n = 19) | Rightwards/Leftwards | 5.8 | 4 | Unspecified | Unspecified | Unspecified | Unspecified | 2-Down, 1-up staircase procedure, thresholds defined as the percentage of dots moving in the same direction for 71% correct performance | 10–11 |
| Ellemberg et al., 2002 | RDK (%signal) | 6-Year-olds (n = 12) and adults (n = 12) | Upwards/Downwards | 18 | 0.75 | 20 × 20 | Limited lifetime | 260 | Dots—14 cd/m2, Background—116 cd/m2 | 2-Down, 1-up staircase procedure, thresholds defined as the percentage of Gabors moving in the same direction for 71% correct performance | 6 |
| Gunn et al., 2002 | RDKb (%signal) strips | 4 (n = 37), 5 (n = 93), 6–7 (n = 60), 8–9 (n = 50,), 10–11-year-olds (n = 55) and adult (n = 65). | Rightwards/Leftwards | 6 | 4 | 38 × 28 Monitor size | Limited life time of six frames | Up to 10,000 | Unspecified | 2-Down, 1-up staircase procedure, defined as the percentage of dots moving in the same direction for 71% correct performance | 10–11 |
| Atkinson et al., 2003 | RDK strips | 4–5.5, 5.5–6.9, 7–8, 10–11-year-olds (n = 140) and adults (n = 35) | Upwards/Downwards | 5.3 | 4 | Strip—13.4 × 6.7 | limited life time of six frames | Unspecified | Unspecified | 2-Down, 1-up staircase procedure, thresholds defined as the percentage of dots moving in the same direction for 71% correct performance | >5 |
| Ellemberg et al., 2004 | RGKc (first and second order motion) | 5-Year-olds (n = 24) and adults (n = 24). | Upwards/Downwards | 1.5, 6, and 9 | 0.2 | 20 × 20 | Limited lifetime | 1.5 s | Mean luminance of 35 cd/m2 | 2-Down, 1-up staircase procedure, defined as the percentage of Gabors moving in the same direction for 71% correct performance | >5 |
| Parrish et al., 2005 | RDK (Dmax) | 3–4, 5–6, 7–8, 9–10, 11–12-year-olds and adults. (n = 12) | Upward/Downward | 1.2 | 32 Dots/deg2 | 12.8 × 9.6 | Unlimited | 853.6 | Unspecified | Method of limits. Threshold defined as the point of maximum slope on the fitted curve, which occurs at 82% | 3–4 |
| Reiss et al., 2005 | RDK (two lateral displays presented simultaneously) | 4–7-Year olds (n = 10) and adults (n = 24) | Rightwards/Leftwards | 2.51 | Unspecified | Two displays of 13.65 × 13.65 | Limited life time | Up to 6150 | Dots—148.83 cd/m2, background—0.83 cd/m2 | 2-Down, 1-up staircase procedure, thresholds defined as the percentage of Gabors moving in the same direction for 71% correct performance | 4–7 |
| Ellemberg et al., 2010 | RGK (first and second order motion, % signal | 5-Year-olds (n = 24) and adults (n = 24) | Upwards/Downwards | 1.5 (3 conditions): 6 arcmin/66.6 ms, 30 arcmin/333 ms, and 60 arcmin/666.6 ms | 0.2 | 20 × 20 | Limited life time | 1500 | Mean luminance of 35 cd/m2 | 2-Down, 1-up staircase procedure, defined as the percentage of dots moving in the same direction for 71% correct performance | >5 (For all conditions) |
| Hadad et al., 2011 | RDK (%signal) | 6–8 (n = 20), 9–11 (n = 20), 12–14 year olds (n = 20) and adult (n = 20) | Upwards/Downwards | 4 and 18 | 0.75 | 17.5 × 17.5 | Limited lifetime of 15 frames or 30 frames | 2000 | Dots—14 cd/m2, background—116 cd/m2 | 3-Down, 1-up adaptive staircase procedure with thresholds defined at 82% correct performance | 12–14 |
| Narasimhan and Giaschi, 2012 | RDK (%signal) | 5–6-Year-olds (n = 11) and adults (n = 11) | Rightwards/Leftwards | 1 and 4 | 1, 15, and 30 | 7.65 × 5.57 | Unspecified | 400 | Dots—98.5 cd/m2, background 1 cd/m2 | Slope of maximum inflection on the Weibull curve fits 82% correct performance for a two-alternative forced-choice task | >6 (for all conditions) |
| Bogfjellmo et al., 2014 | RDK (equivalent noise analysis) | 6–7 (n = 13), 8–9 (n = 19), 10–11 (n = 20), 12–13 (n = 20), 14–15 (n = 18) and 16–17-year-olds (n = 13) | Clockwise/Anti clockwise | 2.8 and 9.8 | 3.8 | Diameter of 8 | Limited life time of three frames | 500 | Mean luminance 91 cd/m2 | 2 Estimated from the EN function using QUEST | 14–15 (for all conditions) |
| Manning et al., 2014 | RDK (equivalent noise analysis) | 5 (n = 21), 7 (n = 27), 9 (n = 25), 11-year-olds (n = 20) and adults (n = 30). | Rightwards/Leftwards | 1.5 | 0.56 | Diameter of 15 | Unlimited life time | 400 | Dots—58.7 cd/m2, background—30 cd/m2 | Single QUEST staircase tracked the minimum coherence level required for 84% correct performance. | 9 |
| Meier and Giaschi, 2014 | RDK (%signal) | 4–7-Year-olds (n = 28) and adults (n = 31) | Rightwards/Leftwards | 30 (30 Arcmin/17 ms), 8 (23 armin/50 ms), 10 (30 armin/50 ms), 12 (38 armin/50 ms), 4 (11 arcmin/50 ms) | 1.1 | 7.7 × 7.7 | Unspecified | 600 | Dots—270 cd/m2, background—0.7 cd/m2 | Slope of maximum inflection on the Weibull curve fits 82% correct performance for a two-alternative forced-choice task | 4–7 |
| 1 (1 arcmin/17 ms), 3 (3 armin/17 ms), 5 (5 armin/17 ms), 11 (11 armin/17 ms), 23 (23 armin/17 ms), 38 (38 armin/17 ms), 0.3 (1 armin/50 ms), 1 (3 arcmin/50 ms), 2 (5 armin/50 ms) | >7 (Group of 4–7) | ||||||||||
| Joshi and Falkenberg, 2015 | RDK (%signal) | 6–16-Year-olds (n = 119) and adults (n = 24) | Expansion/Contraction | 1.6 and 5.5 | 2 | Diameter of 8 | Limit life time of three frames | 500 | Mean luminance of 50 cd/m2 | Functional adaptive sequential testing (FAST) | >16 |