Figure 2. The biological impacts of smoked cigarette filter exposure on ragworms.

The effect of 96 h exposure to smoked cigarette filter (a) toxicants in seawater, and (b) microfibres in sediment on the relative growth rate (RGR) of ragworms (mean ± s.e.m.). The effect of 96 h exposure to smoked cigarette filter (d) toxicants in seawater, and (e) microfibres in sediment on the burrowing time (minutes) of ragworms (mean ± s.e.m.). The effect of 96 h exposure to smoked cigarette filter (g) toxicants in seawater, and h) microfibres in sediment on DNA damage in ragworms, measured as fold-change in the 90^th percentile tail moment (TM) relative to control ragworms (indicated by the dotted line, mean ± s.e.m.). Significance between groups, as identified by post-hoc analysis, is indicated by different letters. *denotes significance compared to all other groups.