Table 2.
Contingency ratings, startle response and skin conductance response for CS+ and CS−.
| Standard group | Gradual group | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CS+ | CS− | CS+ | CS− | ||||||||
| Phase | M | SD | M | SD | p | M | SD | M | SD | p | |
| Contingency ratings | |||||||||||
| Acquisition | Start | 3.13 | 2.26 | 2.53 | 2.20 | 0.237 | 2.15 | 2.44 | 1.69 | 2.18 | 0.235 |
| End | 3.33 | 2.58 | 1.27 | 1.53 | 0.002 | 3.46 | 2.65 | 2.00 | 1.73 | 0.028 | |
| Extinction | Start | 3.20 | 3.36 | 1.40 | 2.23 | 0.022 | 2.54 | 2.60 | 1.54 | 1.94 | 0.121 |
| End | 2.53 | 2.50 | 1.33 | 1.80 | 0.012 | 1.85 | 1.82 | 1.33 | 1.23 | 0.136 | |
| Reinstatement | 2.33 | 2.29 | 1.40 | 1.99 | 0.001 | 1.77 | 1.83 | 0.69 | 1.25 | 0.025 | |
| Startle response | |||||||||||
| Acquisition | Start | 58.5 | 8.30 | 53.0 | 5.55 | 0.039 | 59.9 | 5.73 | 53.4 | 7.22 | 0.010 |
| End | 49.7 | 7.60 | 48.1 | 3.57 | 0.446 | 52.9 | 5.60 | 47.2 | 3.61 | 0.009 | |
| Extinction | Start | 50.6 | 4.56 | 48.8 | 5.48 | 0.107 | 52.6 | 5.53 | 49.4 | 6.37 | 0.203 |
| End | 47.1 | 4.08 | 44.6 | 2.70 | 0.052 | 46.2 | 2.56 | 45.4 | 4.76 | 0.413 | |
| Reinstatement | 51.6 | 8.34 | 46.7 | 6.34 | 0.004 | 46.3 | 6.11 | 46.6 | 10.2 | 0.644 | |
| Skin conductance response | |||||||||||
| Acquisition | Start | 49.7 | 5.54 | 48.1 | 4.66 | 0.476 | 52.4 | 6.84 | 48.1 | 4.06 | 0.024 |
| End | 52.3 | 4.73 | 49.9 | 5.62 | 0.305 | 51.1 | 5.14 | 50.0 | 5.27 | 0.347 | |
| Extinction | Start | 48.0 | 2.44 | 49.3 | 3.54 | 0.285 | 48.1 | 5.14 | 49.4 | 1.91 | 0.420 |
| End | 50.0 | 6.70 | 51.5 | 2.83 | 0.499 | 49.6 | 3.32 | 52.0 | 5.00 | 0.079 | |
| Reinstatement | 49.0 | 4.36 | 46.8 | 4.24 | 0.121 | 49.5 | 5.13 | 47.3 | 3.82 | 0.158 | |
Means (M), Standard Deviation (SD) and p-Values of the contingency ratings, startle response and skin conductance response are given. Note: Standard Group, the experimental group which participated in the Standard Extinction (SE) process; Gradual Group, the experimental group which participated in the Gradual Extinction (GE) process; n, number of participants; CS+, stimulus (spider) with aversive unconditioned stimulus (US); CS−, stimulus (scorpion) without aversive US. For the contingency ratings in all three phases were n = 15 in the SE and n = 13 in the GE. For the startle response, in the acquisition were n = 15 in both groups, in the extinction were n = 13 in the SE and n = 14 in the GE, and in the reinstatement test were n = 12 in SE and n = 11 in GE. For the skin conductance response, in the acquisition and extinction were n = 15 in SE and n = 16 in GE, and in the reinstatement test were n = 15 in SE and n = 13 in GE.