Table 1.
Characteristics of Women and Infants
| HEU-A Infants (n = 38) | HEU-N Infants (n = 118) | HUU Infants (n = 210) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | ||||
| Age of mother, y | 30 (27–33) | 30 (27–33) | 28 (24–31) | <.001 |
| Gravida | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | .019a |
| Marital status | .070 | |||
| Single | 8 (21.0) | 28 (23.5) | 26 (12.3) | |
| Living with partner | 2 (5.0) | 3 (2.5) | 12 (5.7) | |
| Married | 28 (74.0) | 87 (74.0) | 172 (82.0) | |
| Highest level of education | .023 | |||
| Secondary school or lower | 26 (68.0) | 78 (66.0) | 110 (52.0) | |
| High school or higher | 12 (32.0) | 40 (34.0) | 100 (48.0) | |
| Gainful employment | 6 (19.0) | 28 (26.9) | 50 (24.5) | .640 |
| Water source | .270 | |||
| Tap water in the home | 4 (10.5) | 20 (17.0) | 44 (20.9) | |
| Community water | 34 (89.5) | 98 (83.0) | 166 (79.1) | |
| Gestational diabetes | 1 (2.6) | 8 (6.8) | 10 (4.8) | .552 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 109 (92–116) | 105 (98–112) | 104 (97–110) | .787 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 65 (61–68) | 65 (61–69) | 64 (60–70) | .742 |
| Maternal BMI, kg/m2, 6 wk postpartum | 24.7 (22.8–27.0) | 26.1 (23.7–28.8) | 25.3 (23.1–29.3) | .383 |
| CD4 cell count at enrollment, cells/mm3b | .133 | |||
| 0–200 | 5 (13.2) | 32 (27.1) | NA | |
| 201–350 | 12 (31.6) | 26 (22.0) | NA | |
| 351–500 | 11 (28.9) | 21 (17.8) | NA | |
| >500 | 10 (26.3) | 39 (33.1) | NA | |
| ART regimen during pregnancy | .465 | |||
| No ARV | 2 (5.3) | 13 (11.0) | NA | |
| AZT monotherapy | 7 (18.4) | 26 (22.0) | NA | |
| cART | 29 (76.3) | 79 (67.0) | NA | |
| Cesarean section delivery | 7 (18.4) | 14 (12.3) | 32 (15.6) | .585 |
| Infants | ||||
| Female Infant | 16 (42.1) | 60 (51.7) | 109 (52.2) | .512 |
| Preterm (<37 wk GA) | 6 (15.8) | 15 (12.7) | 29 (13.8) | .887 |
| Infant birth weight, gb | 3200 (2800–3400) | 3400 (3000–3600) | 3300 (3050–3600) | .045 |
| Infant LBW | 3 (8.0) | 6 (5.1) | 7 (3.3) | .404 |
| Infant WAZ at 6 wk visit | 0.24 (−0.25, +0.85) | 0.10 (−0.57, +0.90) | 0.35 (−0.38, +0.91) | .180 |
| Infant LAZ at 6 wk visit | 0.08 (−0.64, +0.87) | 0.68 (−0.43, +1.73) | 0.92 (−0.12, +1.73) | .018 |
| Infant HCAZ at 6 wk visit | 0.30 (−0.46, +1.17) | 0.31 (−0.42,+1.29) | 0.75 (−0.27, +1.77) | .050 |
| Infant WFLZ at 6 wk visit | 0.36 (−0.31, +1.31) | −0.80 (−1.89, +0.50) | −0.63 (−1.55, +0.51) | .002 |
| Infant insulin at 6 wk visit, μIU/mL | 2.7 (0.9–5.0) | 4.0 (2.6–5.8) | 4.9 (3.5–6.6) | <.001 |
| Infant glucose to insulin ratio at 6 wk visit | 36 (19–86) | 24 (17–38) | 19 (14–28) | <.001 |
| Infant glucose, mg/dL | 95 (83–104) | 98 (90–109) | 97.0 (89–106) | .248 |
| Infant HOMA-IR at 6 wk visit | 0.65 (0.23–1.34) | 0.91 (0.60–1.45) | 1.12 (0.83–1.7) | <.001 |
| Infant HOMA-β at 6 wk visit, % | 28.2 (15.7–47.7) | 38.1 (24.6–74.3) | 52.4 (35.1–77.6) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; LBW, low birth weight; NA, not applicable; WAZ, weight-for-age z score. All continuous variables shown as median (interquartile range) and categorical variables as n (percentage).
a
P value confirmed by comparing means between groups via ANOVA (mean gravida = 3.13 among mothers of HEU-A infants, 3.58 among mothers of HEU-N infants, and 3.07 among mothers of HUU infants).
b
Comparison among term infants only (n = 350).