Table 4.
Reported characteristics of the evaluation tests of the proposals in the literature (NC = not commented in the work).
| Ref. | Real Life/Emulated Movements | Number of Individuals Under test | Characteristics of the Individuals (Age, Weight, etc.) | Tested Positions of the Android Device | No. of Iterated Falls | Type of Tested or Emulated Falls | Type of Emulated ADLs | Performance Metrics | Evaluation of Battery or Computing Consumption | Coexistence Analysis | Used Smartphone Model(s) | Version of Android |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [53] | Not evaluated | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | HTC G1 | - |
| [55] | Emulated | 6 | 5 males, 1 female 20–52 years |
Waist | 144[123] | Falls ending with lying and sit-tilted | Walk, stand, run, jump, sit | Sensitivity, Specificity | Not included | No | HTC Wildfire S A510e | Android version 2.3.3. |
| [61] | NC | NC | NC | NC | NC | NC | NC | NC | Not included | No | NC | Android 2x |
| [69] | Emulated | 5 | 20–30 years 158–169 cm 60–80 kg |
User’s pocket | NC | Abnormal gaits: simulated peg leg, simulated leg length discrepancy | Walk | Accuracy (to distinguish mobility patterns) Specificity Sensitivity |
Consumption | No | iPhone | - |
| [72] | Not evaluated | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| [73] | Not evaluated | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NC | NC |
| [76] | Emulated | 3 | 24–26 years 164–175 cm 60–66 kg |
Waist belt: | 67 | Forwards (from two positions) backwards, lateral, falling out the bed, slide against a wall | NC | Sensitivity, Specificity |
Not included | No | HTC Desire, | No |
| [6] | Emulated | 1 | Height (164 cm) | NC | 100 | NC | Lying | FP, FN, TP, TN | Not included | No | Pantech IM-A690S | 2.3.3 (GingerBread) |
| [82] | Emulated | 5 | NC | 100 | NC | Walk, sit, jump, lie | Precision, Recall | Not included | No | Nexus One | Android 2.0 | |
| [94] | Emulated in a realistic scenario (retirement home) | NC | NC | Chest | NC | NC | Walk, run, sit | Accuracy, Sensitivity, F-score |
Not included | No | NC | NC |
| [95] | Not evaluated | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NC | NC |
| [99] | Emulated | 10 | Young, male 26.2 ± 3 years 177 ± 5 cm 78.5 ± 5.3 kg |
Pocket at the thigh position | 600 (including ADL) | Some mentioned but not systematically tested | Some mentioned but not systematically tested | Sensitivity, Specificity | Not included | No | HTC Desire HD | NC |
| [101] | Emulated | 3 | NC | Waist (trouser pocket) | 120 | Forwards, backwards, sideway. | Walk, run, stairs walk, sit. | Sensitivity, Specificity | Consumption | No | Samsung Galaxy S Sony Xperia Ray |
NC |
| [103] | Emulatedand Real life | 15 (emulated) 9 (for 10 days) |
8males/7females Aged 22–50 |
Waist (belt, placed on the back) | 221 | Left and right lateral, forwardtrips, and backward slips | NC | Sensitivity (in the detection of fall type) | Not included | No | Tmobile G1 |
Android OS 1.6 |
| [105] | Emulated | 10 | 3 Males, 7 females 20–42 years 161–184 cm 54–98 kg |
Left and right pocket | 48 per subject | Forwards, left and right-lateral backwards, syncope, sit on empty chair, falls with strategies to prevent the impact and falls with contact to an obstacle | Participants carried a smartphone in their pocket or hand bags for at least one week | Sensitivity, Specificity (and their geometric mean) | Not included | No | Samsung Galaxy Mini | 2.2 |
| [110] [111] | Emulated with both mannequins and real individuals | 15 | 13 males, 2 females 20–30 years 161–190 cm 51–80 kg |
Chest, waist, thigh | 600 (with a mannequin)600 (humans) | Forwards, backwards, lateral | Walk, jogging, stand, sit | Sensitivity, Specificity | Consumption CPU usage | No | HTC G1 | Android 1.6 |
| [112] | Not evaluated | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| [113] | Real life patients but fall detection not evaluated | Only commented race and mean age | NC | NC | NC | NC | - | - | - | Motorola Droid Smartphone | NC | |
| [114] | Emulated | 18 | 12 males, 6 females29 ± 8.7 years | Waist | 216 (3 per individual and type of fall) |
Forwards, backwards, lateral left and lateral right |
Sit-to-stand, stand-to-sit, level walk, stairs walk answer the phone, pick up an object and get up from supine |
Sensitivity, Specificity | Not included | No | Google G1 | NC |
| [115] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NC | NC |
| [116] | Emulated | 10 | 26.2 ± 3.04 years, 177.6 ± 5.2 cm, 78.3 ± 5.3 kg | Thigh (trouser pocket) | 600 (including ADLs) | NC | NC | Sensitivity, Specificity | Not included | No | HTC G1-Desire &HD, Samsung i7500, Google Nexus One | NC |
| [118] [117] |
Emulated | 5 | 22–30 years 160–175 cm |
Hand, chest and pants pocket | 45 | Forwards, backwards, and aside | Sit, stand, walk, run, stair walk | TP, TN, FP, FN, Sensitivity, Specificity |
Not included | No | Nexus One | NC |
| [119] | Emulated | 3 | Not commented | NC | 5 per person (p.p.) | Forwards, backwards, and lateral falls | Walk, sit, squat, stair walk | Sensitivity and specificity | Not included | No | NC | NC |
| [120] | Emulated | NC | NC | NC | 2 sets of 10 and 12 falls | Fall on the floor, different types of fall on an armchair | Jogging, normal walk, stairs walk, stand-sit-stand, fast walk | Analysis focused on detecting the movement type | Not included | No | NC | NC |
| [121] | Emulated | 1 | 1 male, 33 years | Pocket of the shirt | NC | NC | Lying | NC | Not included | No | Samsung Galaxy SIII |
Android version 4.0.4. |
| [122] | Database and emulated | 7 | 20–60 years 165–177 cm 56–95 kg |
Waist | 44 (42 ADLs) | NC | Sit, lie, jump, run, walk, hit the sensor | Accuracy, Specificity | Not included | No | HTC Google Nexus One | NC |
| [123] | Emulated | 4 | NC | On a wall | 50 | NC | Walk, shake/ raise/move hands, sit, stand up, empty room | Precision, FP rate | Lined-powerNC | Specific device | BeagleBoard-XM | Android version 2.2. |
| [124] | Emulated | 4 | NC | Chest (pocket) waist, and thigh. | 30 per individual | NC | Walk, sit, stand up and others (not commented) | Sensitivity, Specificity | Not included | No | HTC Desire and Tattoo | Android 1.6 |
| [125] | Emulated | 20 | 12 males, 8 females BMI in [20, 30.12] 20–50 years |
Chest (shirt pocket) | 400 falls and 800 ADLs | NC | Walk, sit down, jumping | FP, FN, Sensitivity, Specificity | Not included | No | HTC A3366 | Android 2.2 |
| [126] [127] |
Not evaluated | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Lenovo Le-Phone | NC |
| [128] | Emulated | 4 | 3 males, 1 female 20–26 |
Right thigh pocket, held in hand. | 100 | Fall on hands, knees, the back, the left and right side of the body | Answer the phone, put the phone into the thigh pocket, sit, drop the phone from hand, walk | Precision, Recall | Not included | No | Google Nexus S | Android 2.2 |
| [129] | Emulated | 5 | Several males Average age: 25.5 173 ± 5.3 cm |
Waist | 40 per subject | Forwards, backwards, left, and right | Walk, jogging, sit down, stand up, stairs walk | Sensitivity | Not included | No | Samsung SHW-M110S, | Android 2.3.3 |
| [130] | Not evaluated(Evaluation limited to set the thresholds) | No | - | - | - | Dropping the accelerometer from different heights | - | - | Not included | No | NC | NC |
| [131] | Not evaluated | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NC | NC |
| [132] | Emulated | NC | 155–170 cm50–75 kg | Chest/pants pocket, hands (while talking or tapping the phone) | 224 | Forwards, backwards, aside bed fall (from 5 different initial positions) | Jogging, sit, stand, jump | Sensitivity, Specificity, TP, TN, FP, FN | Not included | No | Pantech Sky VegaRace | Gingerbread 2.3.3 |
| [133] | No evaluated | - | - | - | - | - | - | SP Battery Lifetime | Consumption | No | ||
| [134] | Emulated | 10 | 25–35 years | Indifferent (acceleration sensor on the chest) | NC | Forwards, backwards and lateral directions | NC | Ratio between TP and total number of activities Response time |
Battery lifetime, Required Memory | No | HTC | 2.3 |
| [136] | Emulated | NC | NC | NC | 33 | NC | NC | TP | Not included | No | NC | NC |
| [137] | Emulated | NC | NC | NC | NC | NC | NC | NC | Not included | No | Samsung Galaxy S III | NC |
| [138] | Emulated | 1 | NC | NC | NC | NC | Sit up, get out of bed | NC | Not included | No | NC | NC |
| [139] | Emulated | 3 | NC | NC | 114 | NC | No ADL tested | Sensitivity | Not included | No | NC | 4.2 Jelly Bean |
| [140] | Real life (ice-skaters) | 7 | NC | Waist | 50 | NC (210 min of ice-skating) | Ice-skating Movements | Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy | Not included | No | NC | NC |
| [141] | Emulated in a treadmill | 6 | 20–22 years 3 males: 171.5 cm, 66.2 kg, 3 females: 161.4 cm, 49.6 kg |
Wristwatch | 240 | Front, back, left, and right falls | Series of 50 s moving and static | Sensitivity | Not included | No | WIMM Android watch | NC |
| [142] | Emulated | 1 | 159 cm | Chest (left pocket) | NC | Backwards | Sit down quickly on a chair, lie on bed | Sensitivity Specificity Average time to complete the detection |
Not included | No | HTC One S | NC |
| [143] | Real life (prototype aimed to be tested with actual patients) | NC | NC | NC | NC | NC | NC | NC | Not included | No | Samsung Galaxy Mini S5570 | 2.3.4 or higher |
| [144] | Emulated And real life | Emulated: 3 (training phase) 10 (test phase) Real life: 11 |
Test phase: Averages:24 years old, 173 cm 73 kg, Real life: 3 males, 4 females |
Waist | Training: 5 falls , 7 ADLs Real life: No falls |
“Simplex” and “complex” into a chair, or falls with grasping the wall | Walk , run, stairs walk, sit down,squat, rise | Emulated: Sensitivity, Specificity, Real-life: Only FP |
Not included | No | HTC G3 Smartphone |
2.1 |
| [145] | Not evaluated | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NC | NC |
| [146] | Emulated | 30 (for test)12 (for training) | 24.3 ± 2.04 years, 169 ± 4 cm, 63.17 ± 7.37 kg |
Chest | NC | Unexpected slips and trip falls, | Seated, sit to stand, squat, squat to stand, get on bed, get up from bed, stairs walk, jogging | Sensitivity, Specificity, Lead time | Not included | No | Samsung Galaxy S2i9100 | 2.3.3 |
| [147] | Emulated | 20 | 24–37 | Waist | 800 (40 per subject) | Pushed down, slip, forwards, backwards, aside, from the chair | lie down, get up from the bed, sit on chair, get up from the chair, walk, run, stairs walk | Sensitivity,Specificity | Not included | No | NC | NC |
| [148] | Emulated | 10 | 6 males, 25 ± 5 years, BMI: 23.2 ± 2.7 kg/m2, 4 females: 23 ± 3 years, BMI: 21.5 ± 2.2 kg/m2 | Chest (in a band) | 200 falls and ADLs | Forwards, right-side, backwards, left-side | Sit, lie, stand, Lie-to-sit, sit-to-stand, stand-to-sit, walk, stairs walk run, jump |
Confusion matrix of the pattern recognition | Not included | No | Samsung I9023 Nexus S | 2.3.6 |
| [149] | Emulated | 3 | NC | NC | 50 | NC | Walk, run, sit, jump | FP, FN. TP, TN of the different mobility patterns | Not included | No | NC | NC |
| [150] | Emulated | 8 | NC | 127 | Forwards, backwards, side fall, hard falls, soft falls | Stand, walk, run, stairs walk, travel in a car, brake in a car, drop the phone |
Recall, Precision | Not included | No | NC | NC | |
| [151] | Not evaluated | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NC | NC |
| [152] | Not evaluated | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NC | NC |
| [153] [154] |
Emulated | 12 | Males and females 20–56 years 155–183 cm 44–72 kg |
Pocket (assumed) | 20 (52 ADLs) | Forwards, backwards, vertical and sideway | Walk, jogging, jump, sit down, squat down | TP, TN, FP, FN | Not included | No | NC | Android 2. 3 |
| [155] | Emulated | 8 | Male. 23 ± 3.45 years 60 ± 7.68 kg |
Waist | 6 per subject | Lateral, back-forward fall | Sit down, stand up, walk and turn around, lie down and get up | Sensitivity, Specificity | Not included | No | NC | NC |
| [156] | Emulated | 5 for the training phase and 5 for the tests | NC | 50 | Not specified | Run, walk,sit down, stairs walk, tread, jump and wave the SP | Sensitivity,Specificity | Battery consumption | - | Sony Xperia U-series | 2.3.7 | |
| [157] | Emulated | 28 for the training phase and 8 for the tests | Training: 24 males, 4 females, 22–28 years, 166–184 cm, 59–83 kg. Tests: 4 males, 8 females, 63–69 years, 151–171 cm, 62–82 kg. |
Pocket in a vertical positionand/or hold to the belt (centrally or laterally). | 1879 | 10 types: backwards, forwards and lateral with diverse different ending position |
1671 ADLs 4 types of recoveries from a fall, walk, lying, sitting, bending down, coughing and sneezing, |
Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy | Percentage of battery drain per hour | - | Samsung GalaxyNexus | NC |
| [158] | Not evaluated | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NC | NC |
| [159] | Not evaluated | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Time to reduce the battery level from 100% to 80% | - | HTC one X, Samsung Galaxy Tab 10.1. | NC |
| [160] | Not specified | NC | NC | NC | NC | NC | NC | Number of false alarms and delay | NC | No | NC | NC |
| [161] | Emulated | 10 for an offline evaluation, 4 to evaluate the system during several days of real operation | 7 males, 3 women 20–42 years old 54–98 kg, 161–184 cm |
NC | 8000 ADL and 500 falls | Forwards, backwards, left and right lateralfalls, syncope, sit on empty chair, falls with an obstacle and falls with compensation strategies |
NC | AUC (Area under the ROC curve) False positive per days |
NC | No | SamsungGalaxy S II/S IV and Mini, HTC Wild Fire | NC |
| [162] | Emulated | 1 | Male in his 20 s | Loose front pant pocket, tight front pant pocket | 20 (for training) 20 (for testing) | Fall while standing, while walking and from the chair | Walk, run | Accuracy, Precision, Negative Predictive Value | NC | No | Samsung Galaxy S4 GT-I9505 HTC One |
NC |
| [163] | Emulated | 1 | 1 young and healthy person | Attached to the chest | 240 | NC | Lay down | Sensitivity, Specificity, | NC | No | Samsung Galaxy S3 I9300 | NC |
| [164] | Emulated | 15 | 6 Male, 9 Females 15–68 years 150–190 cm Average 70 kg |
Waist, pants pocket | 375 | Forwards, lateral and backwards | Jogging, walk, stand up, sit, answer the phone | Percentages of false positives and false negatives, ROC curve | Consumption (after 6 hours operating) | No | HTC Desire X, HTC sensation XE | Android 2.3.4 |
| [165] | Emulated | NC | NC | Waist (external sensor in ankle) | 111 (including ADLs) | NC | Sit, walk, stairs walk | TP, TN, FP, FN Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy | Just the consumption in external sensor assessed | No | NC | NC |
| [167] | Emulated | 4 (tests)50 (training phase) | 1 Male, 3 Females 28–40 years 160–164 cm 58–69 kg |
Belt, shirt pocket, pants pocket | 45 (tests) 1000 (falls and ADLs during training) |
Training phase: Forwards, backwards (4 types), side left (4 types), arbitrary. |
Training phase: Run, walk, jump, sit down (4 types), lie down, stand up |
Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy | Consumption | No | HTC Incredible S, Samsung Galaxy | NC |
| [168] | Emulated | NC | NC | Front right area of the body | 40 | Forwards, backwards, left, and right | Stand up, sit, walk, stairs walk, jump, run | Sensitivity, Specificity | Not included | No | LG Optimus L9 P768 | Android 4.0.4 |
| [169] | Just evaluated to set the thresholds | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NC | NC |
| [170] | Just evaluated to set the thresholds | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Samsung Galaxy Nexus | Android 4.0 |
| [171] | Emulated | NC | NC | 100 | Fall when running, walking, jumping, standing | Sit, walk, stairs walk | Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy | Not included | No | Not specified | Android 4.2.1 | |
| [172] | Real | 54 | Elderly participants | Waist | 6 actual falls | - | ADLs from users monitored during several months | Sensitivity, Specificity, false positive rate | Not included | No | Samsung i555 | Android 2.2 |