Table 5.
Applications where a smartphone has been used as a position independent WAM.
| Author | Application | Sensors | Placement | Subject Total (M:F) | Machine Learning Algorithm | Movements | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khan et al. [54] | Physical movement | Accelerometer, barometric pressure, microphone | Front and back pants pocket, jacket breast pocket | 30 (18:12) | Kernel discriminant analysis, SVM | Walking, walking on treadmill, running, running on treadmill, stair ascent, stair descent, elevator up, elevator down, hopping, riding a bike, inactive (sitting or standing), watching TV, vacuuming, driving a car, riding a bus | Accuracy 94% |
| Khan et al. [56] | Physical movement | Accelerometer | Front and back pants pocket, jacket breast pocket | 10 (6:4) | ANN | Standing, walking, running, stair ascent, stair descent, hopping | Accuracy 86.98% |
| Henpraserttae et al. [61] | Physical movement | Accelerometer | 16 orientations on the waist, shirt and pants pocket | 10 (undisclosed) | KNN (k = 3) | Lying, sitting, standing, walking, running, jumping | Accuracy 86.36% |
| Antos et al. [93] | Physical movement | IMU | Hand, belt on waist, pants pocket, backpack | 12 (undisclosed) | SVM, HMM | Standing, sitting, walking, transitions between sitting and standing | Accuracy 87.1% |
| Anjum and Ilyas [115] | Physical movement | IMU | Hand, pants pocket, handbag, shirt pocket | 10 (undisclosed) | J48 DT | Walking, running, stair ascent, stair descent, driving, cycling, inactive | Accuracy 94.39% |
| Lu et al. [121] | Physical movement | Accelerometer, microphone, GPS | Pants pocket (front/back), hand, armband, backpack, belt, jacket breast pocket | 16 (12:4) | SVM | Stationary, walking, cycling, running, vehicle | Accuracy 95.1% |
| Han et al. [122] | Physical movement, context recognition | Wi-Fi, GPS, microphone, accelerometer | Waist, pants pocket or hand | 10 (undisclosed) | HMM, GMM | Walking, jogging, inactive, bus moving, bus (traffic jam) bus stationary, subway moving, subway stationary | Accuracy 92.43% |
| Sun et al. [123] | Physical movement | Accelerometer | Pants pocket (front/back), 4 different orientations in the front pants pocket, blazer front pocket | 7 (6:1) | SVM | Stationary, walking, running, cycling, stair ascent, stair descent, driving | F-score 93.1% |
| Thiemjarus et al. [124] | Physical movement | Accelerometer | Placed on the waist, in the shirt and trouser pocket | 8 (6:2) | KNN (k = 1) | Lying, sitting, standing, walking, running, jumping | Accuracy 75.19% |