Table 3.
Association between environmental, sociocultural, behavioural, dental care and severe early childhood caries
| Variable | Severe early childhood caries | |
|---|---|---|
| UOR (95 % CI) | AORa (95 % CI) | |
| Environmental risk factors | ||
| Drinking water in the household: Rain, well or other (base = Bottled or pipe) | 1.30 (0.94–1.81)**** | 1.52 (1.00–2.33)* |
| Low birth weight (<2500 g) (base = ≥2500 g) | 0.97 (0.53–1.78) | --- |
| Height in cms at 6 months | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | --- |
| BMI score at 3 years | 0.98 (0.92–1.03) | --- |
| Smoking during pregnancy (base = no) [too few cases] | 1.24 (0.08–19.99) | --- |
| Secondary smoke (at 1 year) (base = no) | 1.26 (0.87–1.81)**** | --- |
| Mother with dental cavitation(s) at baseline (base = none) | 1.05 (0.72–1.52) | --- |
| Sociocultural risk factors | ||
| Mother’s age at child’s birth (in years) | ||
| 14–19 | 1.00 | --- |
| 20–24 | 1.13 (0.62–2.06) | |
| 25–48 | 0.81 (0.48–1.38) | |
| Mother’s schooling at child’s birth | ||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | 2.82 (1.61–4.91)*** | 2.06 (1.24–3.42)** |
| High school | 2.82 (1.61–4.95)*** | 2.21 (1.32–3.71)** |
| Post-high school | 1.08 (0.60–1.93) | 1.04 (0.45–2.54) |
| Household income (in Thai Baht) | ||
| 0–49,999 | 1.00 | --- |
| 50,000–99,999 | 1.64 (1.04–2.59)* | |
| 100,000–199,999 | 0.76 (0.49–1.17)**** | |
| 200,000 plus | 0.44 (0.27–0.69)*** | |
| Religious affiliation: Buddhist (base = Muslim and other) | 1.56 (0.96–2.53)**** | --- |
| Single parent (base = not) | 0.97 (0.69–1.36) | --- |
| Family size | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | --- |
| Sex of child: Male (base = female) | 1.56 (1.13–2.11)** | 1.68 (1.11–2.53)* |
| First child in family (base = no) | 1.21 (0.84–1.75) | --- |
| Risk behaviour | ||
| Infant feeding at 6 months | ||
| Never breast fed | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Breast feeding: 1–3 months | 0.57 (0.38–0.85)** | 0.63 (0.38–1.04) |
| Breast feeding: 4 months or more | 0.77 (0.52–1.15)**** | |
| Nocturnal feeding at 12 months | ||
| Suckle to sleep when going to bed | 1.61 (0.77–3.38)**** | --- |
| Introduction of soft drinks at 12 months: 6–12 months (base = none) | 1.45 (1.04–2.01)* | --- |
| Sleeps with bottle at 30 months: 1–6 times/week (base = no) | 1.64 (1.13–2.40)** | 1.79 (1.10–2.92)* |
| Sweet food index in days in a week at 30 months: 3–7 times (base = 0–2 times) | 1.23 (1.08–1.41)** | --- |
| Brushing teeth in the past 2 weeks at 12 months (base = no) | 1.25 (0.90–1.74)**** | |
| Brush with tooth paste at 12 months (base = no) | 1.20 (0.70–2.07) | |
| Brushing teeth at 26 months: Less than daily (base = At least once daily) | 1.49 (1.02–2.17)* | |
| Brushing teeth at 26 months with fluoride tooth paste (base = no) | 1.20 (0.70–2.07) | |
| Use of oral health services | ||
| Dental visit before 30 months of age (base = no) | 1.68 (0.89–3.18) | |
UOR Unadjusted Odds Ratio; AOR Adjusted Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval
***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05; ****P ≤ 0.25
aUsing P ≤ 0.25 as a selection criteria in univariate analysis; Backward conditional logistic regression method; Hosmer and Lemeshow Test: Chi-square = 4.23, P = 0.837; Nagelkerke R 2 = 0.10