Table 2.
Redox-sensitive proteins involved in the regulation of cell metabolism, angiogenesis and cell death
| protein | category | modificationa | cysteine residue | effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| anti-oxidative defense-related redox sensors | ||||
| Keap1 | others | S-S | C151 | inactivation [238] |
| 2-cys Prx | peroxidase | sulfonic acid | C51 | inactivation [239] |
| Trx | others | S-S | C32/C35 | inactivation [240] |
| metabolism-related redox sensors | ||||
| AMPK | kinase | G | C299, C304 | activation [241] |
| S-S | C130, C174 | inactivation [132] | ||
| ATM | kinase | S-S | C2291 | activation [138, 142] |
| PKM2 | kinase | C358 | inactivation [146] | |
| angiogenesis-related redox sensors | ||||
| VEGFR | receptor | S-S | C1206/C1199 | inactivation [147, 148] |
| LMW-PTP | phosphatase | S-S | C12/C17 | inactivation [242] |
| SENP3 | sumo | C243 and/or C274 | stabilization [158] | |
| protease | C243 | HIF-1 transactivation [160, 161] | ||
| C532 | inactivation, suppressed HIF-1 activity [160, 161] | |||
| Lyn | kinase | C466 | recruitment of leukocytes [168, 169] | |
| PKG | kinase | S-S | C42 | activation [172] |
| cell death-related redox sensors | ||||
| ASK1 | kinase | S-S | C250 | inactivation [178, 179] |
| Fas | receptor | G | C294 | aggregation, FasL binding [186] |
| FOXO4 | TF | S-S | C477 | inactivation [189] |
| HMGB1 | others | S-S | C23/C45 | induction of apoptosis [193] |
| CFL | others | S-S, G | C139/C147, C39/C80 | inactivation, inhibition of apoptosis [208–210] |
a C cysteine, S-S intra-/intermolecular disulfide, G glutathionylation