Table 1.
Summary of descriptive, univariable and multivariable-adjusted risk factors for measles of N=566 HIV-infected children and adolescents with and without measles in Botswana, 2008-2011.
| Univariable | Multivariable | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic (total n with data) | Control subjects (N=377)a | Case subjects (N=189)a | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P |
| Male (n=566) | 209 (55.4) | 91 (48.2) | 0.74 (0.52, 1.06) | 0.10 | 0.87 (0.58, 1.31) | 0.50 |
|
| ||||||
| Age, in quartiles (n=566) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Q1: < 7.1 years | 97 (25.7) | 21 (11.1) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Q2: ≥7.1 to <10.3 years | 89 (23.6) | 32 (16.9) | 1.68 (0.89, 3.18) | 2.05 (1.02, 4.11) | ||
| Q3: ≥10.3 to <13.1 years | 94 (24.9) | 54 (28.6) | 2.50 (1.43, 4.39) | 3.18 (1.69, 5.97) | ||
| Q4: ≥13.1 years | 97 (25.7) | 82 (43.4) | 3.77 (2.15, 6.60) | 4.34 (2.21, 8.53) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Moderate or severe malnutritionb (n=563) | 54 (14.4) | 43 (22.9) | 1.62 (1.06, 2.47) | 0.03 | 1.03 (0.63, 1.68) | 0.91 |
|
| ||||||
| Receipt of PCPc prophylaxis (n=433) | 69 (24.4) | 37 (24.7) | 0.98 (0.60, 1.59) | 0.93 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Antiretroviral therapy regimen (n=566) | 0.67 | |||||
| 1st line | 290 (76.9) | 142 (75.1) | 1 (reference) | |||
| 2nd,3rd, or 4th line | 10 (2.7) | 8 (4.2) | 1.69 (0.59, 4.84) | |||
| Suspended | 69 (18.3) | 33 (17.5) | 0.98 (0.62, 1.54) | |||
| Not yet on treatment | 8 (2.1) | 6 (3.2) | 1.49 (0.52, 4.32) | |||
|
| ||||||
| WHO HIV stage (n=559) | 0.51 | |||||
| 1st | 144 (38.8) | 72 (38.3) | 1 (reference) | |||
| 2nd | 19 (5.1) | 16 (8.5) | 1.53 (0.74, 3.17) | |||
| 3rd | 91 (24.5) | 48 (25.5) | 1.05 (0.65, 1.68) | |||
| 4th | 117 (31.5) | 52 (27.7) | 0.86 (0.53, 1.39) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Detectable HIV viral loadd (n=524) | 39 (11.2) | 21 (11.9) | 0.96 (0.53, 1.73) | 0.87 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Degree of immune suppressione (n=541) | 0.06 | 0.27 | ||||
| Not significant | 297 (82.0) | 137 (76.5) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Mild | 36 (9.9) | 14 (7.8) | 0.81 (0.42, 1.58) | 0.73 (0.35, 1.51) | ||
| Advanced | 12 (3.3) | 16 (8.9) | 2.78 (1.23, 6.26) | 1.74 (0.73, 4.17) | ||
| Severe | 17 (4.7) | 22 (6.7) | 1.47 (0.69, 3.13) | 1.63 (0.73, 3.66) | ||
IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation
Data are n (%) unless otherwise noted.
Moderate malnutrition defined as weight for height (<5 years of age) or BMI (≥ 5 years of age) less than two but greater than three negative standard deviations below median World Health Organization (WHO) standards; severe malnutrition defined as less than three negative standard deviations below WHO median.
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole)
Detectable HIV viral load defined as >400 copies/mL.
Not significant immunosuppression defined as CD4% ≥ 35% for age 0-12 months, CD4% ≥ 25% for age 13-59 months and CD4>500 for age ≥ 5 years; mild immunosuppression defined as 35% > CD4% ≥ 25% for age 0-12 months, 25% > CD4% ≥ 20% for age 13-59 months years and 500 > CD4 ≥ 350 for age ≥ 5 years; advanced immunosuppression defined as 25% > CD4% ≥ 20% for age 0-12 months, 20% > CD4% ≥ 15% for age 13-59 months and 350 > CD4 ≥ 200 for age ≥ 5 years and severe immunosuppression defined as CD4% < 20% for age 0-12 months, CD4% < 15% for age 13-59 months and CD4 < 200 for age ≥ 5 years.