. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Disabil Health J. 2015 May 11;8(4):535–546. doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2015.04.006

Table 3. Elevated or high utilization and cost among persons aged 18-65: Prevalence, conditions and service use patterns stratified by chronic condition and disability status: Covariate controlled, predicted marginal estimates, MEPS 2006-2008.

	No chronic condition (a)	Chronic condition with no disability (b)	Chronic condition with non-ADL/IADL disability (c)	Chronic condition with ADL/IADL disability (d)

Utilization
Elevated	18.12% (.47) ^b ^c ^d	40.82% (.50) ^a ^c ^d	65.66% (.84) ^a ^b ^d	84.95% (1.23) ^a ^b ^c
High	4.99% (.26) ^b ^c ^d	14.15% (.37) ^a ^c ^d	34.68% (.90) ^a ^b ^d	57.51% (1.61) ^a ^b ^c
Elevated utilization group
Acute conditions, mean	3.02 (.06) ^c ^d	2.94 (.04) ^c ^d	3.88 (.06) ^a ^b ^d	4.63 (.12) ^a ^b ^c
Chronic conditions, mean	(N/A)	2.61 (.024) ^c ^d	3.68 (.05) ^b ^d	4.41 (.10) ^b ^c
Services used:
Primary care MD, mean	1.19 (.06) ^b ^c ^d	1.90 (.04) ^a ^c ^d	2.56 (.07) ^a ^b ^d	2.97 (.13) ^a ^b ^c
Specialty MD, mean	4.76 (.14) ^c ^d	4.52 (.09) ^c ^d	7.04 (.21) ^a ^b ^d	9.37 (.42) ^a ^b ^c
RX fills, mean	6.58 (.29) ^b ^c ^d	23.02 (.36) ^a ^c ^d	33.81 (.61) ^a ^b ^d	47.43 (1.31) ^a ^b ^c
Therapies, PT, OT or ST	27.48% (1.32) ^b ^c	14.78% (.57) ^a ^c ^d	19.99% (.83) ^a ^b ^d	24.87% (1.58) ^b ^c
Mental health	2.56% (.54) ^b ^c ^d	8.55% (.37) ^a ^c ^d	14.99% (.84) ^a ^b ^d	21.50% (1.52) ^a ^b ^c
Home health	2.48% (.40) ^b ^d	1.15% (.13) ^a ^c ^d	3.07% (.29) ^b ^d	21.30% (1.60) ^a ^b ^c
ED visits, mean	.40 (.02) ^b ^c ^d	.31 (.01) ^a ^c ^d	.50 (.02) ^a ^b ^d	.70 (.04) ^a ^b ^c
Hospital days, mean	1.11 (.12) ^b ^d	.60 (.03) ^a ^c ^d	.96 (.06) ^b ^d	2.91 (.26) ^a ^b ^c
Total number of services used, mean	2.76 (.03) ^b ^c ^d	2.93 (.01) ^a ^c ^d	3.32 (.02) ^a ^b ^d	3.88 (.05) ^a ^b ^c
High utilization group
Acute conditions, mean	3.53 (.10) ^c ^d	3.49 (.06) ^c ^d	4.36 (.08) ^a ^b ^d	5.12 (.15) ^a ^b ^c
Chronic conditions, mean	(N/A)	3.12 (.05) ^c ^d	4.30 (.07) ^b ^d	5.04 (.13) ^b ^c
Services used:
Primary care MD, mean	1.44 (.19) ^b ^c ^d	2.24 (.08) ^a ^c ^d	3.03 (.12) ^a ^b ^d	3.40 (.17) ^a ^b ^c
Specialty MD, mean	6.07 (.37) ^b ^c ^d	6.97 (.20) ^a ^c ^d	9.64 (.34) ^a ^b ^d	11.64 (.55) ^a ^b ^c
RX fills, mean	7.89 (.66) ^b ^c ^d	33.43 (.80) ^a ^c ^d	46.57 (.98) ^a ^b ^d	59.55 (1.63) ^a ^b ^c
Therapies, PT, OT or ST	42.56% (2.78) ^b ^c ^d	23.71% (1.05) ^a,d	26.24% (1.21) ^a	29.28% (1.58) ^a ^b
Mental health	3.55% (.96) ^b ^c ^d	12.68% (.83) ^a ^c ^d	19.71% (1.18) ^a ^b ^d	25.06% (1.87) ^a ^b ^c
Home health	2.61% (.75) ^d	1.7% (.29) ^c ^d	3.56% (.43) ^b ^d	21.77% (1.73) ^a ^b ^c
ED visits, mean	.56 (.05) ^b ^d	.41 (.02) ^a ^c ^d	.66 (.03) ^b ^d	.79 (.05) ^a ^b ^c
Hospital days, mean	2.04 (.39) ^b ^d	1.12 (.09) ^a ^c ^d	1.45 (.11) ^b ^d	3.94 (.36) ^a ^b ^c
Total number of services used, mean	2.96 (.06) ^b ^c ^d	3.21 (.02) ^a ^c ^d	3.57 (.03) ^a ^b ^d	4.08 (.05) ^a ^b ^c
Cost
Elevated	13.24% (.36) ^b ^c ^d	23.44% (.42) ^a ^c ^d	44.15% (.95) ^a ^b ^d	67.32% (1.49) ^a ^b ^c
High	4.37% (.21) ^b ^c ^d	7.69% (.26) ^a ^c ^d	20.91% (.75) ^a ^b ^d	40.35% (1.53) ^a ^b ^c
Elevated cost group
Acute conditions, mean	2.86 (.07) ^b ^c ^d	3.19 (.05) ^a ^c ^d	4.14 (.07) ^a ^b ^d	4.84 (.14) ^a ^b ^c
Chronic conditions, mean	(N/A)	2.76 (.04) ^c ^d	3.97 (.06) ^b ^d	4.68 (.12) ^b ^c
Services used:
Primary care MD, mean	.89 (.05) ^b ^c ^d	1.88 (.05) ^a ^c ^d	2.63 (.09) ^a ^b ^d	3.09 (.14) ^a ^b ^c
Specialty MD, mean	5.33 (.16) ^b ^c ^d	5.91 (.14) ^a ^c ^d	8.75 (.29) ^a ^b ^d	10.65 (.50) ^a ^b ^c
RX fills, mean	6.17 (.29) ^b ^c ^d	24.60 (.49) ^a ^c ^d	39.04 (.82) ^a ^b ^d	52.06 (1.56) ^a ^b ^c
Therapies PT, OT or ST	16.76% (1.38) ^c ^d	14.78% (.66) ^c ^d	22.29% (1.07) ^a ^b	24.92% (1.70) ^a ^b
Mental health	1.05% (.26) ^b ^c ^d	8.88% (.56) ^a ^c ^d	15.91% (1.01) ^a ^b ^d	23.40% (1.79) ^a ^b ^c
Home health	2.34% (.42) ^c ^d	1.50% (.21) ^c ^d	3.80% (.39) ^a ^b ^d	23.60% (1.77) ^a ^b ^c
ED visits, mean	.36 (.02)^c ^d	.39 (.02) ^c ^d	.59 (.03) ^a ^b ^d	.79 (.05) ^a ^b ^c
Hospital days, mean	1.76 (.16) ^b ^d	1.12(.06) ^a ^c ^d	1.44 (.09) ^b ^d	3.67 (.31) ^a ^b ^c
Total number of services used, mean	2.99 (.03) ^b ^c ^d	3.25 (.02) ^a ^c ^d	3.60 (.03) ^a ^b ^d	4.09 (.05) ^a ^b ^c
High cost group
Acute conditions, mean	2.92 (.10) ^b ^c ^d	3.50 (.09) ^a ^c ^d	4.43 (.10) ^a ^b ^d	5.28 (.17) ^a ^b ^c
Chronic conditions, mean	(N/A)	2.97 (.06) ^c ^d	4.28 (.10) ^b ^d	5.09 (.15) ^b ^c
Services used:
Primary care MD, mean	.90 (.09) ^b ^c ^d	1.89 (.08) ^a ^c ^d	2.74 (.12) ^a ^b ^d	3.19 (.18) ^a ^b ^c
Specialty MD, mean	6.83 (.32) ^b ^c ^d	8.09 (.27) ^a ^c ^d	11.40 (.52) ^a ^b	13.01 (.73) ^a ^b
RX fills, mean	6.94 (.58) ^b ^c ^d	26.55 (.87) ^a ^c ^d	47.06 (1.44) ^a ^b ^d	59.56 (2.37) ^a ^b ^c
Therapies PT, OT or ST	16.48% (2.17) ^c ^d	16.93% (1.25) ^c ^d	24.18% (1.45) ^a ^b ^d	30.54% (2.27) ^a ^b ^c
Mental health	1.12% (.51) ^b ^c ^d	9.55% (1.02) ^a ^c ^d	16.62% (1.45) ^a ^b ^d	24.68% (2.20) ^a ^b ^c
Home health	3.47% (.74) ^c ^d	3.35% (.60) ^c ^d	7.08% (.81) ^a ^b ^d	31.35% (2.29) ^a ^b ^c
ED visits, mean	.46 (.04) ^c ^d	.53 (.03) ^c ^d	.78 (.06) ^a ^b	.94 (.07) ^a ^b
Hospital days, mean	3.56 (.47) ^b ^d	2.61(.16) ^a,d	2.77 (.17) ^d	5.52 (.45) ^a ^b ^c
Total number of services used, mean	3.33 (.05) ^b ^c ^d	3.63 (.03) ^a ^c ^d	3.97 (.04) ^a ^b ^d	4.45 (.05) ^a ^b ^c

After controlling covariates, superscripted letters indicate a significant (p<.05) difference from the estimated mean or percentage for persons

without chronic conditions,

with chronic condition(s) and no disability,

with chronic condition(s) and non-ADL/IADL disability,

with chronic conditions and ADL/IADL disability. Standard errors of the estimates are given in parentheses.