Table 2.
Sample characteristics and outcomes by race/ethnicity.
| Total (n=2,231) |
White non- Hispanic (n=1,308) |
Black non- Hispanic (n=368) |
Hispanic (n=555) |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education | <0.001 | ||||
| High school or less | 42.7 | 37.7 | 39.9 | 56.1 | |
| Some college/Associate's degree | 28.5 | 27.5 | 37.7 | 25.0 | |
| Bachelor's degree or higher | 28.8 | 34.8 | 22.4 | 18.8 | |
| Primary source of payment for maternity care | <0.001 | ||||
| Private | 48.4 | 59.7 | 33.7 | 31.6 | |
| Public | 47.2 | 37.2 | 61.5 | 61.2 | |
| Uninsured | 4.4 | 3.1 | 4.8 | 7.2 | |
| Pre-pregnancy hypertension | 7.8 | 5.9 | 12.2 | 9.3 | 0.012 |
| Diabetes | 19.2 | 16.7 | 21.4 | 23.6 | 0.050 |
| Obese pre-pregnancy | 20.3 | 18.8 | 26.0 | 20.3 | 0.118 |
| Age (mean (SD)) | 28.1 (5.9) | 29.1 (6.1) | 26.7 (5.5)† | 26.8 (5.3)† | |
| Married | 60.6 | 70.3 | 31.6 | 57.1 | <0.001 |
| First time mother | 40.1 | 38.0 | 45.0 | 41.8 | 0.206 |
| OB/GYN prenatal care provider | 78.4 | 79.3 | 77.5 | 77.2 | 0.737 |
| Almost always saw same person for prenatal care | 77.8 | 73.9 | 81.0 | 84.7 | 0.001 |
| Average length of prenatal care appointment | <0.001 | ||||
| 0-15 minutes | 22.4 | 26.5 | 11.9 | 19.5 | |
| 16-30 minutes | 45.4 | 46.4 | 45.1 | 43.3 | |
| More than 30 minutes | 32.3 | 27.1 | 43.0 | 37.2 | |
| Pain medication type | 0.240 | ||||
| None | 16.9 | 15.3 | 21.3 | 17.9 | |
| Narcotics or other, no epidural | 15.0 | 14.2 | 13.8 | 17.5 | |
| Epidural | 68.1 | 70.5 | 64.9 | 64.6 | |
| Labor induction | 40.8 | 42.1 | 35.6 | 41.3 | 0.317 |
| Cesarean delivery | 31.6 | 32.7 | 25.1 | 33.3 | 0.147 |
| Communication in prenatal care | |||||
| Reluctance to ask questions | |||||
| Low | 59.9 | 60.9 | 60.9 | 56.6 | 0.211 |
| Moderate | 23.7 | 24.1 | 18.6 | 26.3 | |
| High | 16.4 | 15.0 | 20.4 | 17.1 | |
| Barriers to open discussion | 0.082 | ||||
| Low | 34.8 | 35.0 | 42.1 | 29.4 | |
| Moderate | 48.4 | 49.0 | 42.7 | 50.5 | |
| High | 16.9 | 15.9 | 15.2 | 20.1 | |
| Treated poorly in hospital due to… | |||||
| Any reason | 23.7 | 21.1 | 29.1 | 26.0 | 0.059 |
| Race, cultural group, language | 13.0 | 8.4 | 20.9 | 18.5 | <0.001 |
| Insurance situation | 15.8 | 13.0 | 19.2 | 20.2 | 0.012 |
| Difference of opinion with provider | 19.2 | 17.6 | 22.4 | 21.1 | 0.248 |
Note: Ns and percentages are weighted. For "Reluctance to ask questions," scores of 0 are "Low," scores of 1-2 are "Moderate," and scores of 3-6 are "High." For "Barriers to open discussion," scores of 0 are "Low," scores of 1-4 are "Moderate," and scores of 5-9 are "High."
†
Significantly different from White non-Hispanic (p<.05)