Table 4.
Geometric mean (95% CI) creatinine-adjusted first sample urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations (μg/g) by selected characteristics, with female creatinine standardized to male creatinine.
| Characteristic | N | MBP | MiBP | MEP | MBzP | MCOP | MCPP | MECPP | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||||||||
| GM | (95% CI) | GM | (95% CI) | GM | (95% CI) | GM | (95% CI) | GM | (95% CI) | GM | (95% CI) | GM | (95% CI) | ||
| Sex | |||||||||||||||
| Female | 49 | 112 | (90.5, 139) | 45.8 | (35.6, 59.0) | 21.1 | (12.9, 34.7 | 0.836 | (0.600, 1.17) | 0.190 | (0.146, 0.247) | 0.969 | (0.766, 1.22 | 24.0 | (18.8, 30.5) |
| Male | 48 | 105 | (85.9, 128) | 56.6 | (48.0, 66.8) | 9.98 | (6.74, 14.8 | 0.566 | (0.417, 0.769) | 0.444 | (0.297, 0.663) | 0.952 | (0.703, 1.29 | 29.3 | (22.2, 38.8) |
| p-value1 | 0.66 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.001 | 0.93 | 0.27 | ||||||||
| Age | |||||||||||||||
| <50 | 42 | 118 | (95.1, 146) | 55.5 | (42 5, 72.4) | 11.5 | (7.27, 18.1 | 0.694 | (0.479, 1.00) | 0.295 | (0.188, 0.465) | 1.20 | (0.902, 1.61 | 30.7 | (21.6, 43.7) |
| >50 | 55 | 102.(83.5, 124) | 47.6 | (40.0, 56.8) | 17.5 | (11.2, 27.5 | 0.686 | (0.513, 0.918) | 0.284 | (0.214, 0.378) | 0.808 | (0.633, 1.03 | 23.7 | (19.8, 28.4) | |
| p-value1 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.19 | 0.96 | 0.88 | 0.04 | 0.19 | ||||||||
| Education | |||||||||||||||
| < middle school | 52 | 108 | (91.0, 128) | 53.0 | (43.9, 63.9) | 14.0 | (8.90, 22.2 | 0.739 | (0.539, 1.01) | 0.303 | (0.206, 0.444) | 0.989 | (0.762, 1.28 | 24.7 | (18.9, 32.4) |
| > middle school | 45 | 109 | (85.1, 139) | 48.6 | (37.9, 62.2) | 15.2 | (9.57, 24.2 | 0.637 | (0.456, 0.890) | 0.274 | (0.199, 0.378) | 0.928 | (0.701, 1.23 | 28.7 | (22.4, 36.8) |
| p-value1 | 0.97 | 0.58 | 0.81 | 0.52 | 0.69 | 0.74 | 0.41 | ||||||||
| Income2 | |||||||||||||||
| Low | 62 | 108 | (91.1, 128) | 515 | (43.2, 61.4) | 153 | (101, 230 | 0 737 | (0 542, 1 00) | 0 349 | (0 244, 0 499) | 1 04 | (0 825, 1 31 | 27 7 | (215, 35 7) |
| High | 35 | 109 | (83.1, 144) | 49.9 | (37.4, 66.5) | 13.5 | (7.91, 22.9 | 0.613 | (0.443, 0.849) | 0.207 | (0.159, 0.269) | 0.833 | (0.600, 1.16 | 24.4 | (19.0, 31.3) |
| p-value1 | 0.94 | 0.85 | 0.71 | 0.41 | 0.02 | ‡ | 0.27 | 0.47 | |||||||
| BMI | |||||||||||||||
| <25 kg/m3 | 59 | 106 | (88.2, 129) | 50.9 | (41.7, 62.1) | 13.1 | (8.76, 19.7 | 0.682 | (0.522, 0.891) | 0.292 | (0.208, 0.411) | 1.06 | (0 823, 1.36 | 31.6 | (24.2, 41.3) |
| >25 kg/m3 | 38 | 112 | (88 4, 141) | 50.9 | (40.1, 64.5) | 17.1 | (9.98, 29.4 | 0.701 | (0.462, 1.06) | 0.284 | (0.196, 0.413) | 0.825 | (0.621, 1.10 | 20.1 | (16.6, 24.5) |
| p-value1 | 0.76 | 0.99 | 0.43 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.19 | 0.01 | ||||||||
| Smoking3 | |||||||||||||||
| Former/never | 19 | 98.1 | (66.7, 144) | 48.1 | (37.9, 61.0) | 15.0 | (6.65, 33.9 | 0.674 | (0.426, 1.07) | 0.361 | (0.250, 0.523) | 0.879 | (0.552, 1.40 | 29.5 | (20.8, 41.8) |
| Current | 29 | 110 | (86.6, 139) | 63.0 | (50.1, 79.2) | 7.63 | (5.18, 11.2 | 0.505 | (0.330, 0.772) | 0.507 | (0.269, 0.957) | 1.00 | (0.659, 1.53 | 29.2 | (19.2, 44.5) |
| p-value1 | 0.61 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.66 | 0.97 | ||||||||
| >13 cigarettes/day among smokers3 | |||||||||||||||
| No | 12 | 109 | (73.8, 162) | 66.8 | (48.9, 91.2) | 7.20 | (3.74, 13.9 | 0.365 | (0.174, 0.763) | 0.336 | (0.193, 0.587) | 0.830 | (0.514, 1.34 | 39.8 | (14.7, 108) |
| Yes | 17 | 110 | (79.0, 154) | 60.5 | (42.6, 85.8) | 7.95 | (4.66, 13.6 | 0.635 | (0.368, 1.10) | 0.678 | (0.238, 1.93) | 1.15 | (0.587, 2.25 | 23.5 | (17.7, 31.2) |
| p-value1 | 0 98 | 0 65 | 0 80 | 0 20 | 0 22 | 041 | 0 29 | ||||||||
| Bottled water4 | |||||||||||||||
| No | 32 | 108 | (83.3, 139) | 40.1 | (314,512) | 21.0 | (10.9, 40.5 | 0.875 | (0.612, 1.25) | 0.170 | (0.129, 0.223) | 1.01 | (0.774, 1.31 | 22.0 | (17.0, 28.4) |
| Yes | 17 | 120 | (79.3, 183) | 59.0 | (32.8, 106) | 21.4 | (9.47, 48.3 | 0.769 | (0.364, 1.62) | 0.235 | (0.131, 0.422) | 0.898 | (0.544, 1.48 | 28.2 | (16.4, 48.5) |
| p-value1 | 0.64 | 0.21 | 0.97 | 0.75 | 0.30 | 0.67 | 0.39 | ||||||||
| Menopause4 | |||||||||||||||
| No | 25 | 109 | (80.7, 146) | 51.9 | (33.8, 79.8) | 19.5 | (10.2, 37.0) | 0.866 | (0.525, 1.43) | 0.223 | (0.147, 0.337) | 1.02 | (0.756, 1.37) | 31.2 | (21.2, 46.0) |
| Yes | 23 | 117 | (82.8, 164) | 41.4 | (31.1, 55.1) | 22.5 | (9.69, 52.3) | 0.848 | (0.523, 1.37) | 0.160 | (0.113, 0.227) | 0.900 | (0.600, 1.35) | 18.5 | (14.0, 24.6) |
| p-value1 | 0.75 | 0.37 | 0.78 | 0.95 | 0.21 | 0.62 | 0.03 | ||||||||
| Medication in past 24 hours | |||||||||||||||
| No | 39 | 132 | (101, 171) | 61.1 | (47.6, 78.4) | 11.8 | (7.26, 19.3) | 0.584 | (0.413, 0.828) | 0.241 | (0.182, 0.320) | 0.968 | (0.707, 1.33) | 29.7 | (20.3, 43.6) |
| Yes | 58 | 95.3 | (81.1, 112) | 45.0 | (37.4, 54.2) | 16.8 | (10.9, 25.8) | 0.770 | (0.570, 1.04) | 0.326 | (0.224, 0.475) | 0.955 | (0.752, 1.21) | 24.5 | (20.6, 29.1) |
| p-value1 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.94 | 0.36 | ||||||||
| Time of day of urine collection | |||||||||||||||
| Morning | 31 | 91.2 | (69.3, 120) | 43.2 | (34.6, 54.0) | 10.1 | (6.01, 17.0) | 0.597 | (0.378, 0.943) | 0.261 | (0.184, 0.369) | 0.775 | (0.552, 1.09) | 24.2 | (17.4, 33.6) |
| Afternoon | 66 | 118 | (99.3, 140) | 55.0 | (45.2, 66.8) | 17.3 | (11.6, 25.9) | 0.738 | (0.569, 0.957) | 0.303 | (0.217, 0.424) | 1.06 | (0.846, 1.33) | 27.7 | (22.1, 34.6) |
| p-value1 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.42 | 0.53 | 0.12 | 0.50 | ||||||||
| Characteristic | N | MEHHP | MEHP | MEOHP | ΣLMWP | ΣHMWP | ΣDEHP | ΣDBP | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||||||||
| GM | (95% CI) | GM | (95% CI) | GM | (95% CI) | GM | (95% CI) | GM | (95% CI) | GM | (95% CI) | GM | (95% CI) | ||
| Sex | |||||||||||||||
| Female | 49 | 16.8 | (13.1, 21.6) | 3.26 | (2.37, 4.49) | 10.7 | (8.40, 13.7) | 10.6 | (8.26, 13.7) | 2.00 | (1.57, 2.54) | 1.89 | (1.48, 2.41) | 7.53 | (6.08, 9.31) |
| Male | 48 | 21.0 | (15.4, 28.7) | 4.24 | (2.96, 6.06) | 12.4 | (9.22, 16.7) | 8.91 | (7.38, 10.8) | 2.51 | (1.87, 3.36) | 2.30 | (1.71, 3.08) | 7.58 | (6.37, 9.02) |
| p-value1 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.45 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.96 | ||||||||
| Age | |||||||||||||||
| ≤50 | 42 | 21.7 | (14.9, 31.7) | 5.38 | (3.55, 8.15) | 13.4 | (9.32, 19.3) | 9.83 | (7.92, 12.2) | 2.72 | (1.90, 3.89) | 2.46 | (1.71, 3.53) | 8.26 | (6.64, 10.3) |
| >50 | 55 | 16.8 | (13.7, 20.5) | 2.80 | (2.16, 3.62) | 10.3 | (8.49, 12.4) | 9.69 | (7.72, 12.2) | 1.92 | (1.60, 2.31) | 1.83 | (1.52, 2.21) | 7.06 | (5.92, 8.41) |
| p-value1 | 0.23 | 0.01 | ‡ | 0.19 | 0.93 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.26 | |||||||
| Education | |||||||||||||||
| ≤ middle school | 52 | 18.0 | (13.4, 24.3) | 3.47 | (2.47, 4.88) | 11.0 | (8.31, 14.6) | 10.1 | (8.15, 12.5) | 2.16 | (1.63, 2.87) | 1.96 | (1.48, 2.60) | 7.65 | (6.52, 8.97) |
| > middle school | 45 | 19.7 | (15.2, 25.6) | 4.01 | (2.86, 5.62) | 12.1 | (9.42, 15.6) | 9.38 | (7.37, 11.9) | 2.32 | (1.82, 2.97) | 2.23 | (1.73, 2.87) | 7.45 | (5.90, 9.39) |
| p-value1 | 0.65 | 0.54 | 0.62 | 0.65 | 0.70 | 0.49 | 0.85 | ||||||||
| Income2 | |||||||||||||||
| Low | 62 | 19.7 | (15.1, 25.7) | 4.22 | (3.12, 5.72) | 12.1 | (9.37, 15.7) | 9.66 | (8.02, 11.6) | 2.41 | (1.87, 3.11) | 2.19 | (1.70, 2.83) | 7.53 | (6.43, 8.82) |
| High | 35 | 17.3 | (12.9, 23.1) | 2.96 | (2.02, 4.34) | 10.5 | (8.03, 13.8) | 9.92 | (7.36, 13.4) | 1.96 | (1.50, 2.55) | 1.90 | (1.45, 2.49) | 7.59 | (5.84, 9.85) |
| p-value1 | 0.50 | 0.15 | 0.45 | 0.88 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.96 | ||||||||
| BMI | |||||||||||||||
| <25 kg/m3 | 59 | 21.6 | (16.0, 29.1) | 4.66 | (3.30, 6.58) | 13.4 | (10.2, 17.8) | 9.39 | (7.67, 11.5) | 2.64 | (2.00, 3.49) | 2.45 | (1.85, 3.25) | 7.44 | (6.22, 8.89) |
| ≥25 kg/m3 | 38 | 15.1 | (12.4, 18.5) | 2.61 | (2.01, 3.38) | 9.06 | (7.46, 11.0) | 10.3 | (7.98, 13.4) | 1.72 | (1.43, 2.09) | 1.61 | (1.33, 1.95) | 7.73 | (6.23, 9.60) |
| p-value1 | 0.05 | 0.01 | † | 0.02 | 0.56 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.78 | |||||||
| Smoking3 | |||||||||||||||
| Former/never | 19 | 21.6 | (14.8, 31.6) | 3.93 | (2.44, 6.31) | 12.5 | (8.58, 18.1) | 9.31 | (6.33, 13.7) | 2.38 | (1.67, 3.39) | 2.31 | (1.61, 3.31) | 6.85 | (4.95, 9.47) |
| Current | 29 | 20.7 | (13.0, 33.0) | 4.46 | (2.63, 7.55) | 12.4 | (7.93, 19.3) | 8.66 | (7.03, 10.7) | 2.60 | (1.67, 4.04) | 2.29 | (1.47, 3.56) | 8.10 | (6.58, 9.98) |
| p-value1 | 0.89 | 0.71 | 0.98 | 0.73 | 0.75 | 0.98 | 0.37 | ||||||||
| ≥13 cigarettes/day among smokers3 | |||||||||||||||
| No | 12 | 30.8 | (10.8, 88.0) | 6.76 | (2.24, 20.4) | 16.2 | (5.70, 45.8) | 8.99 | (6.85, 11.8) | 3.28 | (1.19, 9.07) | 3.21 | (1.15, 8.93) | 8.50 | (6.53, 11.1) |
| Yes | 17 | 15.6 | (10.6, 23.1) | 3.32 | (1.96, 5.64) | 10.2 | (7.25, 14.4) | 8.44 | (6.10, 11.7) | 2.20 | (1.52, 3.20) | 1.80 | (1.29, 2.52) | 7.83 | (5.65, 10.9) |
| p-value1 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.38 | 0.75 | 0.43 | 0.26 | 0.68 | ||||||||
| Bottled water4 | |||||||||||||||
| No | 32 | 15.3 | (11.6, 20.1) | 2.82 | (1.98, 4.02) | 9.76 | (7.52, 12.7) | 10.4 | (7.63, 14.3) | 1.79 | (1.39, 2.31) | 1.71 | (1.32, 2.22) | 6.94 | (5.49, 8.79) |
| Yes | 17 | 20.1 | (11.6, 34.7) | 4.29 | (2.19, 8.38) | 12.8 | (7.48, 21.8) | 11.0 | (6.85, 17.8) | 2.46 | (1.46, 4.14) | 2.27 | (1.32, 3.91) | 8.76 | (5.55, 13.8) |
| p-value1 | 0.36 | 0.26 | 0.35 | 0.84 | 0.26 | 0.33 | 0.35 | ||||||||
| Menopause4 | |||||||||||||||
| No | 25 | 22.4 | (15.2, 33.0) | 5.61 | (3.61, 8.74) | 13.9 | (9.55, 20.3) | 10.2 | (7.44, 14.1) | 2.70 | (1.88, 3.88) | 2.54 | (1.74, 3.72) | 7.83 | (5.68, 10.8) |
| Yes | 23 | 12.7 | (9.27, 17.4) | 1.93 | (1.34, 2.78) | 8.32 | (6.16, 11.2) | 11.3 | (7.29, 17.6) | 1.49 | (1.12, 1.99) | 1.42 | (1.06, 1.89) | 7.33 | (5.35, 10.0) |
| p-value1 | 0.02 | <0.001 | 0.03 | 0.70 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.76 | ||||||||
| Medicine in past 24 hours | |||||||||||||||
| No | 39 | 20.0 | (13.4, 30.0) | 4.33 | (2.70, 6.96) | 12.7 | (8.62, 18.7) | 10.8 | (8.41, 13.8) | 2.38 | (1.62, 3.50) | 2.30 | (1.56, 3.41) | 9.22 | (7.26, 11.7) |
| Yes | 58 | 18.0 | (14.7, 22.0) | 3.35 | (2.62, 4.27) | 10.8 | (8.94, 13.0) | 9.13 | (7.42, 11.2) | 2.15 | (1.79, 2.58) | 1.94 | (1.62, 2.33) | 6.61 | (5.65, 7.72) |
| p-value1 | 0.63 | 0.33 | 0.45 | 0.31 | 0.63 | 0.43 | 0.02 | ||||||||
| Time of day of urine collection | |||||||||||||||
| Morning | 31 | 15.2 | (10.7, 21.6) | 2.66 | (1.73, 4.09) | 9.59 | (6.89, 13.3) | 7.68 | (5.92, 9.96) | 1.85 | (1.33, 2.57) | 1.76 | (1.25, 2.46) | 6.33 | (4.99, 8.03) |
| Afternoon | 66 | 20.7 | (16.3, 26.4) | 4.34 | (3.27, 5.76) | 12.6 | (9.95, 15.8) | 10.9 | (8.99, 13.2) | 2.44 | (1.94, 3.07) | 2.25 | (1.79, 2.84) | 8.21 | (6.96, 9.68) |
| p-value1 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.07 | ||||||||
Abbreviations: body mass index (BMI), confidence interval (CI), geometric mean (GM), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono(carboxyoctyl) phthalate (MCOP), mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), low molecular weight phthalate sum (ΣLMWP), high molecular weight phthalate sum (ΣHMWP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate sum (ΣDEHP), dibutyl phthalate sum (ΣDBP).
1
p-value for Satterthwaite t-test; ‡ and † represent p<0.05 and p<0.1, respectively, in linear regression models testing dose-response (age, education, income, and BMI only)
2
High income was defined as ≥ 1,000 yuan/month for males and ≥20,000 yuan/year for females
3
Males only
4
Females only