Table 5.
Geometric mean (95% CI) creatinine-adjusted third sample urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations (μg/g) by selected characteristics, female creatinine standardized to male creatinine.
| Characteristic | N | MBP | MiBP | MEP | MBzP | MCOP | MCPP | MECPP | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||||||
| GM | (95% CI) | GM | (95% CI) | GM | (95% CI) | GM | (95% CI) | GM | (95% CI) | GM | (95% CI) | GM | (95% CI) | |||
| Sex | ||||||||||||||||
| Female | 50 | 41.8 | (36.2, 48.3) | 27.6 | (23.5, 32.5) | 13.4 | (8.19, 21.8) | 0.328 | (0.246, 0.438) | 0.500 | (0.382, 0.655) | 0.358 | (0.290, 0.442) | 21.3 | (16.3, 27.9) | |
| Male | 50 | 65.6 | (55.8, 77.1) | 50.5 | (41.9, 60.8) | 10.6 | (8.31, 13.5) | 0.407 | (0.297, 0.558) | 0.714 | (0.514, 0.993) | 0.617 | (0.508, 0.750) | 30.8 | (23.6, 40.3) | |
| p-value1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.39 | 0.31 | 0.10 | 0.0002 | 0.05 | |||||||||
| Age | ||||||||||||||||
| ≤57 | 52 | 50.8 | (43.3, 59.7) | 39.1 | (32.9, 46.5) | 9.62 | (7.09, 13.0) | 0.404 | (0.302, 0.541) | 0.757 | (0.560, 1.02) | 0.475 | (0.389, 0.580) | 29.0 | (21.4, 39.3) | |
| >57 | 48 | 54.1 | (45.6, 64.2) | 35.5 | (28.6, 44.0) | 15.0 | (9.47, 23.6) | 0.328 | (0.240, 0.448) | 0.463 | (0.346, 0.619) | 0.464 | (0.366, 0.588) | 22.4 | (17.9, 28.1) | |
| p-value1 | 0.60 | 0.49 | 0.11 | 0.32 | 0.02 | 0.89 | 0.18 | |||||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||||||
| ≤ middle school | 54 | 48.9 | (41.5, 57.6) | 34.0 | (28.7, 40.2) | 10.8 | (7.68, 15.3) | 0.362 | (0.283, 0.462) | 0.602 | (0.441, 0.824) | 0.477 | (0.386, 0.589) | 24.3 | (18.0, 32.8) | |
| > middle school | 46 | 56.7 | (48.0, 66.9) | 41.7 | (33.5, 52.0) | 13.3 | (8.57, 20.5) | 0.370 | (0.256, 0.534) | 0.592 | (0.442, 0.793) | 0.462 | (0.369, 0.578) | 27.3 | (21.8, 34.2) | |
| p-value1 | 0.20 | ‡ | 0.14 | ‡ | 0.47 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.84 | 0.53 | |||||||
| Income2 | ||||||||||||||||
| Low | 65 | 50.4 | (43.3, 58.5) | 36.9 | (31.4, 43.3) | 11.0 | (8.30, 14.7) | 0.329 | (0.259, 0.417) | 0.565 | (0.433, 0.738) | 0.487 | (0.402, 0.590) | 23.8 | (18.6, 30.5) | |
| High | 35 | 56.2 | (46.8, 67.6) | 38.1 | (29.5, 49.3) | 13.6 | (7.64, 24.3) | 0.445 | (0.293, 0.675) | 0.664 | (0.461, 0.955) | 0.440 | (0.340, 0.569) | 29.4 | (21.9, 39.5) | |
| p-value1 | 0.35 | 0.83 | 0.51 | 0.21 | 0.48 | 0.52 | 0.27 | |||||||||
| BMI3 | ||||||||||||||||
| <25 kg/m3 | 56 | 60.0 | (50.7, 71.0) | 38.9 | (32.5, 46.5) | 12.1 | (9.29, 15.7) | 0.413 | (0.305, 0.558) | 0.644 | (0.484, 0.859) | 0.559 | (0.473, 0.661) | 28.4 | (21.4, 37.8) | |
| ≥25 kg/m3 | 41 | 44.2 | (37.9, 51.5) | 35.3 | (28.1, 44.2) | 11.7 | (6.68, 20.5) | 0.311 | (0.230, 0.421) | 0.564 | (0.403, 0.792) | 0.394 | (0.301, 0.515) | 23.1 | (17.8, 29.9) | |
| p-value1 | 0.01 | ‡ | 0.50 | 0.92 | 0.19 | ‡ | 0.55 | 0.03 | 0.28 | |||||||
| Smoking4 | ||||||||||||||||
| Former/never | 19 | 72.7 | (54.8, 96.4) | 49.3 | (31.8, 76.6) | 13.0 | (8.46, 20.0) | 0.458 | (0.235, 0.896) | 0.581 | (0.355, 0.950) | 0.557 | (0.376, 0.826) | 28.5 | (21.8, 37.1) | |
| Current | 31 | 61.6 | (50.2, 75.5) | 51.2 | (43.4, 60.3) | 9.32 | (6.92, 12.6) | 0.378 | (0.271, 0.528) | 0.811 | (0.516, 1.27) | 0.657 | (0.528, 0.819) | 32.4 | (21.4, 48.9) | |
| p-value1 | 0.33 | 0.87 | 0.19 | 0.60 | 0.31 | 0.45 | 0.59 | |||||||||
| ≥13 cigarettes/day among smoker4 | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 12 | 61.6 | (49.9, 76.2) | 52.2 | (38.2, 71.3) | 6.63 | (3.78, 11.6) | 0.410 | (0.221, 0.760) | 0.933 | (0.367, 2.37) | 0.596 | (0.411, 0.864) | 37.2 | (15.6, 88.6) | |
| Yes | 19 | 61.6 | (44.6, 85.0) | 50.5 | (41.0, 62.3) | 11.6 | (8.22, 16.3) | 0.360 | (0.234, 0.553) | 0.743 | (0.439, 1.26) | 0.699 | (0.520, 0.941) | 29.7 | (18.6, 47.4) | |
| p-value1 | 0.99 | 0.85 | 0.08 | 0.71 | 0.65 | 0.47 | 0.62 | |||||||||
| Bottled water5 | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 33 | 45.4 | (38.3, 53.9) | 26.8 | (22.2, 32.5) | 14.1 | (8.95, 22.2) | 0.313 | (0.212, 0.462) | 0.579 | (0.408, 0.820) | 0.407 | (0.322, 0.516) | 26.5 | (18.6, 37.7) | |
| Yes | 17 | 35.5 | (27.0, 46.7) | 29.3 | (21.1, 40.5) | 12.1 | (3.49, 41.7) | 0.360 | (0.232, 0.557) | 0.377 | (0.245, 0.580) | 0.278 | (0.180, 0.428) | 14.0 | (9.95, 19.8) | |
| p-value1 | 0.12 | 0.64 | 0.81 | 0.62 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.01 | |||||||||
| Characteristic | N | MEHHP | MEHP | MEOHP | ΣLMWP | ΣHMWP | ΣDEHP | ΣDBP | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||||||||||||
| Female | 50 | 15.3 | (11.7, 20.0) | 2.29 | (1.62, 3.25) | 9.60 | (7.43, 12.4) | 4.85 | (3.67, 6.40) | 1.73 | (1.33, 2.24) | 1.67 | (1.29, 2.18) | 3.21 | (2.79, 3.70) |
| Male | 50 | 21.3 | (16.3, 27.8) | 3.40 | (2.55, 4.54) | 13.0 | (10.1, 16.9) | 6.33 | (5.45, 7.34) | 2.45 | (1.89, 3.18) | 2.34 | (1.80, 3.04) | 5.46 | (4.65, 6.42) |
| p-value1 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.07 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Age | |||||||||||||||
| ≤57 | 52 | 20.0 | (14.6, 27.3) | 3.48 | (2.46, 4.94) | 12.4 | (9.15, 16.8) | 5.07 | (4.38, 5.87) | 2.32 | (1.72, 3.13) | 2.23 | (1.65, 3.01) | 4.19 | (3.58, 4.89) |
| >57 | 48 | 16.2 | (13.1, 20.0) | 2.20 | (1.67, 2.90) | 10.0 | (8.24, 12.2) | 6.10 | (4.56, 8.15) | 1.81 | (1.47, 2.23) | 1.74 | (1.41, 2.15) | 4.19 | (3.48, 5.05) |
| p-value1 | 0.27 | 0.04 | ‡ | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.99 | |||||||
| Education | |||||||||||||||
| ≤ middle school | 54 | 17.5 | (13.1, 23.4) | 2.48 | (1.79, 3.44) | 10.8 | (8.12, 14.3) | 5.04 | (4.41, 5.76) | 1.96 | (1.47, 2.61) | 1.88 | (1.40, 2.51) | 3.89 | (3.34, 4.52) |
| > middle school | 46 | 18.7 | (14.7, 23.8) | 3.21 | (2.35, 4.40) | 11.7 | (9.34, 14.7) | 6.19 | (4.55, 8.42) | 2.19 | (1.75, 2.73) | 2.11 | (1.68, 2.64) | 4.58 | (3.80, 5.52) |
| p-value1 | 0.71 | 0.25 | ‡ | 0.64 | 0.22 | ‡ | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.18 ‡ | ||||||
| Income2 | |||||||||||||||
| Low | 65 | 16.7 | (13.1, 21.3) | 2.71 | (2.03, 3.62) | 10.4 | (8.24, 13.1) | 5.10 | (4.47, 5.82) | 1.92 | (1.51, 2.43) | 1.84 | (1.45, 2.34) | 4.08 | (3.53, 4.71) |
| High | 35 | 20.9 | (15.3, 28.4) | 2.96 | (2.02, 4.31) | 12.8 | (9.54, 17.2) | 6.45 | (4.39, 9.48) | 2.35 | (1.76, 3.15) | 2.26 | (1.69, 3.04) | 4.41 | (3.56, 5.47) |
| p-value1 | 0.26 | 0.71 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.54 | ||||||||
| BMI3 | |||||||||||||||
| <25 kg/m3 | 56 | 20.3 | (15.2, 27.0) | 3.26 | (2.38, 4.46) | 12.5 | (9.48, 16.5) | 5.74 | (5.05, 6.53) | 2.29 | (1.74, 3.02) | 2.21 | (1.67, 2.92) | 4.64 | (3.96, 5.43) |
| ≥25 kg/m3 | 41 | 16.2 | (12.8, 20.6) | 2.32 | (1.65, 3.27) | 10.1 | (7.99, 12.7) | 5.33 | (3.76, 7.56) | 1.86 | (1.46, 2.36) | 1.78 | (1.39, 2.27) | 3.68 | (3.05, 4.44) |
| p-value1 | 0.23 | 0.14 | ‡ | 0.24 | 0.69 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.06 | |||||||
| Smoking4 | |||||||||||||||
| Former/never | 19 | 18.9 | (15.3, 23.3) | 2.84 | (2.07, 3.90) | 11.5 | (9.41, 14.0) | 7.05 | (5.19, 9.58) | 2.23 | (1.80, 2.75) | 2.12 | (1.70, 2.64) | 5.81 | (4.08, 8.27) |
| Current | 31 | 22.9 | (15.0, 34.9) | 3.80 | (2.47, 5.86) | 14.1 | (9.37, 21.2) | 5.92 | (5.04, 6.94) | 2.60 | (1.73, 3.91) | 2.49 | (1.65, 3.76) | 5.26 | (4.45, 6.21) |
| p-value1 | 0.41 | 0.27 | 0.36 | 0.30 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.60 | ||||||||
| ≥13 cigarettes/day among smokers4 | |||||||||||||||
| No | 12 | 27.3 | (11.6, 64.2) | 4.81 | (2.24, 10.3) | 16.1 | (7.05, 36.7) | 5.76 | (4.61, 7.19) | 3.00 | (1.30, 6.94) | 2.90 | (1.24, 6.75) | 5.21 | (4.09, 6.64) |
| Yes | 19 | 20.4 | (12.4, 33.6) | 3.27 | (1.86, 5.76) | 13.0 | (7.98, 21.1) | 6.02 | (4.75, 7.63) | 2.38 | (1.48, 3.82) | 2.26 | (1.40, 3.65) | 5.29 | (4.15, 6.75) |
| p-value1 | 0.53 | 0.39 | 0.63 | 0.77 | 0.60 | 0.59 | 0.92 | ||||||||
| Bottled water5 | |||||||||||||||
| No | 33 | 19.0 | (13.5, 26.8) | 2.58 | (1.64, 4.07) | 11.8 | (8.51, 16.5) | 4.59 | (3.86, 5.46) | 2.12 | (1.51, 2.97) | 2.05 | (1.46, 2.89) | 3.33 | (2.82, 3.94) |
| Yes | 17 | 10.1 | (6.78, 14.9) | 1.83 | (1.03, 3.24) | 6.39 | (4.46, 9.16) | 5.40 | (2.42, 12.0) | 1.17 | (0.820, 1.67) | 1.13 | (0.787, 1.62) | 2.99 | (2.25, 3.97) |
| p-value1 | 0.02 | 0.33 | 0.01 | 0.68 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.49 | ||||||||
Abbreviations: body mass index (BMI), confidence interval (CI), geometric mean (GM), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono(carboxyoctyl) phthalate (MCOP), mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), low molecular weight phthalate sum (ΣLMWP), high molecular weight phthalate sum (ΣHMWP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate sum (ΣDEHP), dibutyl phthalate sum (ΣDBP).
1
p-value for Satterthwaite t-test; ‡ and † represent p<0.05 and p<0.1, respectively, in linear regression models testing dose-response (age, education, income, and BMI only)
2
High income was defined as ≥1,000 yuan/month for males and ≥20,000 yuan/year for females
3
Measured between second and third urine sample collections.
4
Males only
5
Females only