Table 1.
Associations between stigmatizing attitudes and HIV testing
| Characteristics | Women & Men | |
|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted for individual characteristics and effect of community AOR (95% CI) | |
| Stigma scale (individual) ¶ | 0.82 (0.76–0.89) | 0.94 (0.87–1.01) |
| Stigma scale (community) | 0.58 (0.48–0.71) | 0.70 (0.58–0.85) |
| Age | 0.96 (0.93–1.00) | 0.91 (0.85–0.97) |
| Sex | ||
| Male | Ref | Ref |
| Female | 1.81 (1.46–2.26) | 2.20 (1.65–2.94) |
| Marital status | ||
| Never married | Ref | Ref |
| Married or partnered | 1.20 (0.97–1.49) | 2.62 (1.90–3.63) |
| Widowed or divorced | 0.75 (0.48–1.18) | 1.14 (0.66–1.99) |
| Education | ||
| None | Ref | Ref |
| Primary | 1.59 (1.18–2.16) | 1.86 (1.31–2.65) |
| Secondary | 2.20 (1.75–2.78) | 2.58 (1.90–3.50) |
| Higher | 5.13 (3.67–7.18) | 5.49 (3.35–9.01) |
| Head of household | 0.90 (0.71–1.15) | 1.34 (0.97–1.86) |
| Household asset wealth † | ||
| Poorest | Ref | Ref |
| Poorer | 2.15 (1.39–3.34) | 2.23 (1.43–3.49) |
| Middle | 2.36 (1.42–3.94) | 1.73 (0.97–3.11) |
| Richer | 2.71 (1.63–4.48) | 1.86 (1.05–3.31) |
| Richest | 4.44 (2.69–7.33) | 2.10 (1.14–3.87) |
| HIV knowledge § | ||
| Low | Ref | Ref |
| Medium | 1.42 (1.02–1.97) | 1.08 (0.76–1.56) |
| High | 2.37 (1.72–3.25) | 1.44 (0.97–2.12) |
AOR, adjusted odds ratio; OR, odds ratio
The HIV stigmatizing attitudes scale was generated by summing the total number of responses to five questions about persons with HIV, with responses indicating a negative view of persons with HIV coded to equal “1”. The scale ranges from 0–5, with higher values indicating a greater degree of stigma.
The household asset wealth index is calculated by applying principal components analysis to a set of household possessions and housing characteristics. The index is then defined as the first principal component extracted from the principal components analysis and used to categorize participants into quintiles of household asset wealth. Further details on the construction of the asset index can be found in Filmer D, Pritchett LH. Demog 2011;38:115–132.
The HIV knowledge score was generated by summing the total number of correct responses to a series of 5 questions about HIV transmission. Participants who had 0–1 correct responses were classified as having “low” HIV knowledge, 2–3 correct responses were classified as having “medium” HIV knowledge, and 4–5 correct responses were classified as having “high” HIV knowledge.