Table A.2.
Means and standard deviations for behavioral, cognitive, memory, and motor outcomes in children at 7, 9, and 10.5 years.
| Outcome | na | Mean ± SD |
|---|---|---|
| 7-year assessment | ||
| Behavioral outcomes | ||
| CADS - Maternal Report (T-scores) | ||
| ADHD Index | 198 | 49.5 ± 7.7 |
| DSM-IV total scale | 198 | 49.7 ± 8.0 |
| Inattentive subscale | 198 | 48.6 ± 7.5 |
| Hyperactive/impulsive subscale | 198 | 51.0 ± 7.8 |
| BASC-2 - Maternal Report (T-scores) | ||
| Internalizing problems | 193 | 48.5 ± 9.7 |
| Externalizing problems | 193 | 44.0 ± 8.2 |
| Attention problems | 193 | 49.4 ± 10.6 |
| Hyperactivity | 193 | 44.9 ± 8.1 |
| CADS - Teacher Report (T-scores) | ||
| ADHD Index | 170 | 53.4 ± 11.6 |
| DSM-IV total scale | 170 | 52.0 ± 9.9 |
| Inattentive subscale | 173 | 48.3 ± 8.9 |
| Hyperactive/impulsive subscale | 173 | 52.0 ± 10.1 |
| BASC-2 - Teacher Report (T-scores) | ||
| Internalizing problems | 173 | 50.2 ± 11.9 |
| Externalizing problems | 173 | 48.6 ± 9.2 |
| Attention problems | 173 | 51.0 ± 7.8 |
| Hyperactivity | 173 | 49.0 ± 10.0 |
| Cognitive Outcomes | ||
| WISC-IV Full-Scale IQ (scaled scores) | 175 | 104.1 ± 14.1 |
| Verbal Comprehension IQ | 193 | 106.8 ± 16.7 |
| Perceptual Reasoning IQ | 193 | 102.2 ± 16.8 |
| Working Memory IQ | 176 | 93.4 ± 13.0 |
| Processing Speed IQ | 176 | 109.0 ± 12.8 |
| Motor Outcomes | ||
| WRAVMA Pegboard (scaled scores) | ||
| Dominant hand | 193 | 120.4 ± 17.0 |
| Non-dominant hand | 193 | 122.7 ± 17.5 |
| Finger Tap (raw scores)b | ||
| Dominant hand | 193 | 32.4 ± 6.2 |
| Non-dominant hand | 193 | 28.6 ± 5.7 |
| 9-year assessment | ||
| Behavioral Outcomes | ||
| CADS - Maternal Report (T-scores) | ||
| ADHD Index | 243 | 51.1 ± 9.3 |
| DSM-IV total scale | 242 | 51.5 ± 9.6 |
| Inattentive subscale | 242 | 49.7 ± 9.0 |
| Hyperactive/impulsive subscale | 242 | 53.5 ± 10.5 |
| CPT-II (T-scores) | ||
| Errors of omission | 238 | 58.1 ± 16.8 |
| Errors of commission | 238 | 49.7 ± 9.3 |
| ADHD Confidence index | 238 | 52.2 ± 22.2 |
| Memory Outcomes | ||
| NEPSY-II Memory for Designs (scaled scores) | ||
| Immediate total | 184 | 8.8 ± 3.3 |
| Delayed total | 185 | 9.5 ± 3.3 |
| Motor Outcomes | ||
| Luria-Nebraska Motor Scale (raw scores)b | ||
| All items | 227 | 54.8 ± 9.0 |
| 5-item sum | 227 | 41.6 ± 7.5 |
| 10.5-year assessment | ||
| Behavioral outcomes | ||
| BASC-2 - Maternal Report (T-scores) | ||
| Internalizing problems | 232 | 48.2 ± 8.7 |
| Externalizing problems | 227 | 45.7 ± 7.3 |
| Attention problems | 232 | 48.6 ± 10.6 |
| Hyperactivity | 232 | 46.2 ± 7.5 |
| BASC-2 - Self-report (sex-standardized T-scores) | ||
| Attention problems | 225 | 48.8 ± 9.1 |
| Hyperactivity | 228 | 46.8 ± 9.0 |
| Cognitive Outcomes | ||
| WISC-IV Full-Scale IQ (scaled scores) | 231 | 90.8 ± 10.5 |
| Verbal Comprehension IQ | 233 | 84.9 ± 11.5 |
| Perceptual Reasoning IQ | 233 | 93.3 ± 14.3 |
| Working Memory IQ | 233 | 97.0 ± 10.3 |
| Processing Speed IQ | 233 | 99.2 ± 12.1 |
| Memory Outcomes | ||
| CAVLT-2 (standardized scores) | ||
| Immediate recall | 233 | 98.9 ± 16.6 |
| Delayed recall | 233 | 96.2 ± 15.9 |
| Immediate memory span | 233 | 89.6 ± 15.2 |
| Level of learning | 233 | 96.8 ± 14.6 |
| Motor Outcomes | ||
| Luria-Nebraska Motor Scale (raw scores)b | ||
| All items | 233 | 48.3 ± 8.9 |
| 5-item sum | 233 | 35.1 ± 7.1 |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; CADS, Conners’ ADHD/DSM-IV Scales; ADHD, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; BASC-2, Behavior Assessment System for Children 2nd edition; IQ, intellectual quotient; WRAVMA, Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Ability; CPT-II, continuous performance test 2nd edition; CAVLT-2, Children’s Auditory Verbal Learning Test 2nd edition.
a
Children who completed the 7-, 9-, or 10.5-year neurobehavioral assessment and had dentine Mn levels measured in shed incisors.
b
For statistical analysis, these scores were converted to z-scores for the CHAMACOS population.