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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2015 Jul 24;84:39–54. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.009

Table 3.

Adjusted linear models for behavioral outcomes in children at 7, 9, and 10.5 years, per two-fold increase in postnatal dentine Mn (55Mn:43Ca AUC × 104) in all children and stratified by sex.

Outcomesa All children
Boys
Girls
pINT
n β (95% CI) n β (95% CI) n β (95% CI)
7-year assessment
CADS - Maternal report (T-scores)b
 ADHD Index 194 0.4 (−0.3,1.1)     80 0.7 (−0.2,1.6)     114 0.3 (−0.9,1.6)     0.87
 DSM-IV total scale 194 0.5 (−0.1,1.1)     80 0.5 (−0.4,1.5)     114 0.6 (−0.3,1.5)     0.80
  Inattentive subscale 194 0.2 (−0.4,0.8)     80 0.6 (−0.2,1.5)     114 0.1 (−0.9,1.0)     0.62
  Hyperactive/impulsive subscale 194 0.7 (0.1,1.3)** 80 0.5 (−0.5,1.5)     114 0.8 (0.0,1.6)** 0.60
BASC-2 - Maternal report (T-scores)b
 Internalizing problems 189 0.8 (0.0,1.6)** 80 1.6 (0.8,2.4)** 109 0.4 (−0.7,1.4)     0.13
 Externalizing problems 189 0.6 (0.0,1.2)** 80 0.9 (−0.1,1.9)*   109 0.5 (−0.3,1.3)     0.40
  Attention problems 189 −0.1 (−1.2,1.0)     80 0.6 (−0.4,1.7)     109 1.0 (0.1,1.8)** 0.67
  Hyperactivity 189 0.8 (0.1,1.4)** 80 −0.4 (−1.7,0.8)     109 0.8 (−0.7,2.3)     0.16
CADS - Teacher report (T-scores)c
 ADHD Index 166 0.0 (−1.5,1.6)     67 0.0 (−2.3,2.2)     99 0.0 (−2.1,2.1)     0.89
 DSM-IV total scale 166 0.1 (−1.2,1.4)     67 0.1 (−1.8,1.9)     99 0.0 (−1.8,1.9)     0.81
  Inattentive subscale 169 0.4 (−0.7,1.5)     68 0.3 (−1.5,2.0)     101 0.4 (−0.9,1.8)     0.96
  Hyperactive/impulsive subscale 169 −0.1 (−1.4,1.2)     68 −0.1 (−2.2,2.0)     101 −0.5 (−2.4,1.4)     0.53
BASC-2 - Teacher report (T-scores)c
 Internalizing problems 169 −0.3 (−1.7,1.1)     68 0.3 (−0.9,1.5)     101 −0.9 (−4.2,2.3)     0.43
 Externalizing problems 169 0.0 (−1.3,1.2)     68 −0.2 (−2.6,2.1)     101 −0.1 (−1.4,1.2)     0.95
  Attention problems 169 0.0 (−1.1,1.1)     68 −0.3 (−3.0,2.5)     101 −0.5 (−2.2,1.2)     0.74
  Hyperactivity 169 −0.2 (−1.7,1.2)     68 −0.3 (−1.8,1.1)     101 0.3 (−0.9,1.6)     0.56
9-year assessment
CADS - Maternal report (T-scores)b
 ADHD Index 239 0.1 (−0.6,0.8)     104 0.3 (−0.7,1.3)     135 0.1 (−0.9,1.1)     0.90
 DSM-IV total scale 238 0.3 (−0.4,1.0)     104 0.0 (−1.0,1.1)     134 0.6 (−0.4,1.6)     0.36
  Inattentive subscale 238 0.2 (−0.5,0.8)     104 −0.1 (−1.1,0.9)     134 0.5 (−0.4,1.5)     0.29
  Hyperactive/impulsive subscale 238 0.3 (−0.5,1.1)     104 0.1 (−1.1,1.4)     134 0.5 (−0.6,1.7)     0.53
CPT-II (T-scores)d
 Errors of omission 234 0.2 (−0.9,1.3)     101 −0.7 (−2.4,0.9)     133 0.5 (−1.0,1.9)     0.27
 Errors of commission 234 −0.1 (−0.8,0.5)     101 −0.5 (−1.4,0.4)     133 0.3 (−0.5,1.1)     0.54
 ADHD Confidence index 234 0.5 (−1.1,2.0)     101 −1.2 (−3.2,0.8)     133 1.3 (−0.8,3.4)     0.07
10.5-year assessment
BASC-2 - Maternal report (T-scores)b
 Internalizing problems 228 0.4 (−0.3,1.2)     96 0.6 (−0.8,2.0)     132 0.3 (−0.5,1.1)     0.76
 Externalizing problems 224 0.3 (−0.3,0.8)     93 0.6 (−0.5,1.7)     131 0.3 (−0.3,0.8)     0.90
  Attention problems 228 0.3 (−0.5,1.0)     96 −0.2 (−1.4,0.9)     132 0.1 (−0.4,0.7)     0.51
Hyperactivity 228 −0.1 (−0.6,0.5)     96 0.4 (−1.0,1.7)     132 0.1 (−1.0,1.2)     0.56
BASC-2 - Self-report (T-scores)d
 Attention problems 221 −0.2 (−0.9,0.4)     95 0.1 (−1.2,1.4)     129 −0.1 (−1.1,0.9)     0.89
 Hyperactivity 224 −0.1 (−0.7,0.6)     94 0.2 (−1.0,1.4)     127 −0.2 (−1.0,0.7)     0.86

Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve; CADS, Conners’ ADHD/DSM-IV Scales; ADHD, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; BASC-2, Behavior Assessment System for Children 2nd edition; CPT-II, Continuous Performance Test 2nd edition.

a

Higher scores indicate poorer performance or more symptomatic behavior.

b

Adjusted for maternal education, intelligence (PPVT score), years in the US, and depression at time of assessment; child’s age at maternal interview; language of maternal interview; HOME z-score, household income, and number of children in the home at time of assessment.

c

Adjusted for maternal education, intelligence (PPVT score), years in the US, and depression at time of assessment; child’s age at interview; HOME z-score, household income, and number of children in the home at time of assessment.

d

Adjusted for maternal education, intelligence (PPVT score), years in the US, and depression at time of assessment; child’s age at assessment, and language of assessment; HOME z-score, household income, number of children in the home, and psychometrician at time of assessment (9-year and 10.5-year assessments).

*

pLinear <0.10

**

pLinear <0.05

#

pGAM <0.05.