. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2015 Oct;36(8):605–612. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000215

Table 4.

Children’s BMI and Obesity Status at Spring 2007 Regressed on Outdoor Play and Stratified by Child and Neighborhood Characteristics.

	Child’s BMI score ^a			Child is obese^a
	β	95% CI	BMI diff. ^b	OR	95% CI	Obesity likelihood ^c
	β	95% CI	Low vs. high	OR	95% CI	Low vs. high
Full sample
Model 1: Minutes of outdoor play	−0.05 ^*	[−0.09, −0.01]	↓ 0.18	0.99 ^*	[0.98, 0.99]	↓ 42%

Associations between minutes of outdoor play and child outcomes by moderator subcategories

Model 2: Stratification by initial BMI status
Child is underweight	0.18 ^* ^d	[ 0.01, 0.35]	↑ 0.42	N/A	N/A	N/A
Child is normal weight	−0.05 ^† ^e	[−0.10, 0.00]	↓ 0.12	0.98 ^* ^d	[0.95, 1.00]	↓ 90%
Child is overweight	−0.04 ^e	[−0.13, 0.05]	↓ 0.10	1.00 ^e	[0.99, 1.01]	↑ 4%
Child is obese	−0.10 ^* ^f	[−0.18, −0.01]	↓ 0.34	0.98 ^* ^d	[0.97, 0.99]	↓ 62%

Model 3: Stratification by outdoor play at home
No outdoor play at home	−0.12 ^*** ^d	[−0.18, −0.05]	↓ 0.42	0.97 ^** ^d	[0.95, 0.99]	↓ 106%
Any outdoor play at home	−0.02 ^e	[−0.06, 0.01]	↓ 0.08	0.99 ^e	[0.99, 1.00]	↓ 18%

Model 4: Stratification by children’s television exposure
One hour or less	−0.01 ^{d, e}	[−0.06, 0.03]	↓ 0.04	0.99 ^d	[0.98, 1.01]	↓ 32%
One to two hours	−0.05^† ^{e, f}	[−0.11, 0.01]	↓ 0.18	0.99 ^d	[0.98, 1.01]	↓ 24%
More than two hours	−0.10 ^*** ^f	[−0.16, −0.04]	↓ 0.34	0.99 ^d	[0.97, 1.01]	↓ 52%

Model 5: Stratification by mothers’ violence exposure
Never witnessed/experienced violence	−0.03 ^d	[−0.07, 0.01]	↓ 0.10	0.99 ^d	[0.98, 1.00]	↓ 26%
Witnessed violence	−0.02 ^d	[−0.08, 0.05]	↓ 0.08	0.99 ^d	[0.98, 1.01]	↓ 36%
Experienced violence	−0.10 ^*** ^e	[−0.16, −0.04]	↓ 0.34	0.97 ^*** ^e	[0.95, 0.99]	↓ 116%

Note. Low = low outdoor play time (−1 SD). High = high outdoor play time (+1 SD). N/A = there were no children who were underweight at baseline who were classified as obese at the end of the year.

Models control for all covariates listed in Table 1.

Differences in end of year BMI were calculated by multiplying the standardized coefficient by 2 SDs of BMI to get the range of 1 SD above and below the mean, representing differences in children’s BMI at low versus high levels of outdoor play.

Because odds ratios correspond to the percent likelihood an outcome will occur given a one unit increase in the predictor (i.e., one minute of outdoor play), we calculated the overall likelihood of obesity by multiplying the odds ratio by 2 SDs of outdoor play, representing children’s likelihood of obesity at low versus high levels of outdoor play. For each set of subgroup analyses, the SDs for outdoor play were pulled from each respective group (e.g., male, female).

^{d, e, f}

Different superscripts within each model indicate that the outdoor play time coefficients were significantly different across groups.

^***

p < .001.

^**

p < .01.

p < .05.

^†

p < .10.