TABLE 1.
CANDIDATE TB HOST DIRECTED THERAPEUTIC SMALL MOLECULE COMPOUNDS*
| Compound (host target enzyme) | Host Target pathway | FDA approved? | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Imatinib (ABL tyrosine kinase) | Kinase | Y | (17), unpublished |
| Vitamin D (VDR) | Multiple | Y | (110, 117, 118, 159) |
| CC-3052 (PDE4 inhibitor) | cAMP | N | (160–162) |
| Cilostazol (PDE3 inhibitor) | cAMP | Y | (163) |
| Pentoxifylline (nonselective PDE inhibitor) | cAMP | Y | (164) |
| Sildenafil (PDE5 inhibitor) | cAMP | Y | (165) |
| Acetylsalicylic acid/aspirin (COX inhibitor) | Eicosanoids | Y | (99, 100) |
| Zileuton (5-LO) | Eicosanoids | Y | (98) |
| PGE2 | Eicosanoids | Y | (98) |
| Oxyphenbutazone (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory) | Eicosanoids | Y | (166) |
| Statins (HMG CoA Reductase) | Cholesterol | Y | (67) |
| Thiazolidinediones (PPARγ agonist) | Lipid-sensing nuclear receptors | Y, restricted use | |
| Metformin (AMPK kinase) | Autophagy | Y | |
| Nitazoxanide (Quinone oxidoreductase NQO1) | Autophagy | Y | (133) |
| Gefitinib | Tyrosine kinase, Autophagy | Y | (50) |
| Fluoxetine (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor) | Autophagy | Y | (50) |
| Valproic acid | Autophagy, PI3-kinase | Y | (29) |
| Prochlorperazine | Autophagy | Y | (52) |
| Lithium | Autophagy | Y | (52) |
| Nortriptyline | Autophagy | Y | (29, 52) |
| Haloperidol | Autophagy | Y | (29, 52) |
| Desipramine (Acid sphingomyelinase) | Reactive oxygen species, TNF, necroptosis | Y | (53) |
| Alisporivir (Cyclophilin D) | Reactive oxygen species, TNF, necroptosis | N, Phase III | (53) |
| Verapamil (Ca+ channel blocker) | Y | (123, 125, 126) |
*
Molecules in this table have promising data as candidate TB HDT compounds and are either FDA-approved or in late stage human trials for non-TB indications.