Table 1.
Maternal Demographic, Pregnancy, and HIV-Related Characteristics by STI Status
| Total (N = 1373) n (%) |
CT & NG Co-infection (N = 35) n (%) |
CT Only (N = 214) n (%) |
NG Only (N = 28) n (%) |
No STI (N = 1096) n (%) |
p-value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Site | ||||||
| US | 7 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (0.6) | 0.07 |
| Brazil | 938 (68.3) | 18 (51.4) | 142 (66.4) | 14 (50.0) | 764 (69.7) | |
| Argentina | 19 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 17 (1.6) | |
| South Africa | 409 (29.8) | 17 (48.6) | 70 (32.7) | 14 (50.0) | 308 (28.1) | |
| Age (years), continuous | ||||||
| Mean (std. dev.) | 26.9(6.4) | 27.29 (6.4) | 22.9(4.3) | 25.4 (6.0) | 26.86 (6.0) | <.0001 |
| Median (IQR) | 26.0 (22.0–31.0) | 26.0 (22.0–32.0) | 22.0 (19.0–26.0) | 25.0 (21.0–29.0) | 26.5 (22.0–30.0) | |
| Age (years), categorical | ||||||
| >=30 | 443 (32.3) | 4 (11.4) | 48 (22.4) | 8 (28.6) | 383 (35.0) | 0.0001 |
| 25–29 | 376 (27.4) | 6 (17.1) | 62 (29.0) | 8 (28.6) | 300 (27.4) | |
| 13–24 | 554 (40.4) | 25 (71.4) | 104 (48.6) | 12 (42.9) | 413 (37.7) | |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Employed | 240 (17.5) | 3 (8.6) | 33 (15.5) | 6 (21.4) | 198 (18.1) | 0.67 |
| Unemployed/Homemaker | 1056 (77.0) | 31 (88.6) | 167 (78.4) | 21 (75.00) | 837 (76.4) | |
| Other | 76 (5.5) | 1 (2.9) | 13 (6.1) | 1 (3.6) | 61 (5.6) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| White/Other | 330 (24.0) | 4 (11.4) | 46 (21.5) | 5 (17.9) | 275 (25.1) | 0.37 |
| Black | 686 (50.0) | 23 (65.7) | 113 (52.8) | 15 (53.6) | 535 (48.8) | |
| Mixed/Mulatto | 357 (26.0) | 8 (22.9) | 55 (25.7) | 8 (28.6) | 286 (26.1) | |
| Marital Status | ||||||
| Single/Unmarried | 754 (55.0) | 23 (65.7) | 124 (58.2) | 23 (82.1) | 584 (53.3) | 0.01 |
| Married/Cohabitation | 618 (45.0) | 12 (34.3) | 89 (41.8) | 5 (17.9) | 512 (46.7) | |
| Substance Usage | ||||||
| Illegal Substance Use | ||||||
| No | 1256 (91.9) | 29 (82.9) | 195 (91.6) | 23 (82.1) | 1009 (92.5) | <0.05 |
| Yes | 111 (8.1) | 6 (17.1) | 18 (8.5) | 5 (17.9) | 82 (7.5) | |
| Alcohol Use | ||||||
| No | 886 (65.1) | 20 (57.1) | 135 (64.0) | 17 (60.7) | 714 (65.6) | 0.69 |
| Yes | 476 (35.0) | 15 (42.9) | 76 (36.0) | 11 (39.3) | 374 (34.4) | |
| Tobacco Use | ||||||
| No | 926 (67.9) | 19 (54.3) | 133 (63.0) | 15 (53.6) | 759 (69.6) | 0.02 |
| Yes | 438 (32.1) | 16 (45.7) | 78 (37.0) | 13 (46.4) | 331 (30.4) | |
| Pregnancy Related Characteristics | ||||||
| Any Prior Preterm Birth | ||||||
| No | 1114 (81.6) | 22 (62.9) | 173 (81.2) | 18 (64.3) | 901 (82.7) | 0.002 |
| Yes | 252 (18.5) | 13 (37.1) | 40 (18.8) | 10 (35.7) | 189 (17.3) | |
| Any Prior Stillbirth | ||||||
| No | 1312 (95.7) | 34 (97.1) | 210 (98.6) | 27 (96.4) | 1041 (95.1) | 0.13 |
| Yes | 59 (4.3) | 1 (2.86) | 3 (1.4) | 1 (3.6) | 54 (4.9) | |
| Any Prenatal Care | ||||||
| No | 524 (38.3) | 24 (68.6) | 93 (43.7) | 12 (42.9) | 395 (36.1) | 0.0003 |
| Yes | 845 (61.7) | 11 (31.4) | 120 (56.3) | 16 (57.1) | 698 (63.9) | |
| Infant Delivery Status | ||||||
| Vaginal | 903 (65.8) | 28 (80.0) | 165 (77.1) | 25 (89.3) | 685 (62.6) | <.0001 |
| Cesarean | 469 (34.2) | 7 (20.0) | 49 (22.9) | 3 (10.7) | 410 (37.4) | |
| HIV Related Characteristics | ||||||
| CD4 Count (cells/mm3) | ||||||
| Mean (std. dev.) | 511.9 (311.1) | 505.7 (307.5) | 463.3 (278.2) | 556.1 (340.7) | 479.5 (227.2) | 0.14 |
| Median (IQR) | 458.0 (291.0–663.0) | 445.5 (284.0–649.0) | 459.0 (280.0–603.0) | 499.0 (325.0–704.0) | 428.5 (317.0–705.5) | |
| HIV Log10 Viral Load (copies/mL) | ||||||
| Mean (std. dev.) | 4.13 (0.8) | 4.11 (0.9) | 4.27 (0.9) | 4.18 (0.8) | 4.05 (0.8) | 0.44 |
| Median (IQR) | 4.2 (3.6–4.7) | 4.2 (3.6–4.7) | 4.5 (3.7–4.8) | 4.2 (3.6–4.8) | 4.3 (3.5–4.6) | |
| Viral Load>20,000 copies/mL | 603 (44.1) | 20 (57.1) | 91 (43.1) | 13 (46.4) | 479 (43.7) | 0.46 |
†
P-value is either to test the overall difference in STI prevalence for each categorical variable (Chi-square test) or the median difference of the continuous variables among STI groups. No STI refers to being uninfected with CT, NG, or both CT and NG. Significant differences (p<0.05) were noted for STI prevalence when evaluated by maternal age, marital status, illegal substance use, tobacco use, prior preterm birth, prenatal care, and mode of delivery.