Table 2.
Logistic Regression Analysis Exploring Relationship of Overall STI (CT and/or NG Co-Infection) with Maternal Demographics, Pregnancy, and HIV-Related Characteristics
| Total (N=1373) n (col %) |
Any STI Positive (N=277) n (row %) |
Negative (N=1096) n (row %) |
Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
| Study Site | |||||||
| US | 7 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (100) | <0.01 (<0.01 –>999) | 0.98 | ||
| Brazil | 938 (68.3) | 174 (18.6) | 764 (81.4) | 1.00 | |||
| Argentina | 19 (1.4) | 2 (10.5) | 17 (89.5) | 0.52 (0.12 –2.26) | 0.38 | ||
| South Africa | 409 (29.8) | 101 (24.7) | 308 (75.3) | 1.44 (1.09 –1.90) | 0.01 | ||
| Maternal Age (years) | |||||||
| Continuous | 0.95 (0.93 –0.97) | <.0001 | |||||
| 30 and Older | 443 (32.3) | 60 (13.5) | 383 (86.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 25–29 | 376 (27.4) | 76 (20.2) | 300 (79.8) | 1.62 (1.12 –2.34) | 0.01 | 1.65 (1.13–2.40) | 0.010 |
| 13–24 | 554 (40.3) | 141 (25.5) | 413 (74.5) | 2.18 (1.56 –3.04) | <.0001 | 2.18 (1.55–3.07) | <.0001 |
| Maternal Occupation | |||||||
| Employed | 240 (17.5) | 42 (17.5) | 198 (82.5) | 1.00 | |||
| Unemployed/Homemaker | 1056 (77.0) | 219 (20.7) | 837 (79.3) | 1.23 (0.86 –1.78) | 0.26 | ||
| Other | 76 (5.5) | 15 (19.7) | 61 (80.3) | 1.16 (0.60 –2.23) | 0.66 | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||||
| White/Other | 330 (24.0) | 55 (16.7) | 275 (83.3) | 1.00 | |||
| Black | 86 (50.0) | 151 (22.0) | 535 (78.0) | 1.41 (1.00 –1.98) | 0.05 | ||
| Mixed/Mulatto | 357 (26.0) | 71 (19.9) | 286 (80.1) | 1.24 (0.84 –1.83) | 0.28 | ||
| Marital Status | |||||||
| No | 754 (55.0) | 170 (22.5) | 584 (77.5) | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 618 (45.0) | 106 (17.2) | 512 (82.8) | 0.71 (0.54 –0.93) | 0.01 | ||
| Illegal Substance Use | |||||||
| No | 1256 (91.9) | 247 (19.7) | 1009 (80.3) | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 111 (8.1) | 29 (26.1) | 82 (73.9) | 1.45 (0.93 –2.26) | 0.11 | ||
| Alcohol Use | |||||||
| No | 886 (65.1) | 172 (19.4) | 714 (80.6) | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 476 (34.9) | 102 (21.4) | 374 (78.6) | 1.13 (0.86 –1.49) | 0.38 | ||
| Tobacco Use | |||||||
| No | 926 (67.9) | 167 (18.0) | 759 (82.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 438 (32.1) | 107 (24.4) | 331 (75.6) | 1.47 (1.12 –1.93) | 0.01 | 1.42 (1.07–1.89) | 0.01 |
| Prior Preterm Birth | |||||||
| No | 1114 (81.6) | 213 (19.1) | 901 (80.9) | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 252 (18.4) | 63 (25.0) | 189 (75.0) | 1.41 (1.02 –1.95) | 0.04 | ||
| Prior Stillbirth | |||||||
| No | 1312 (95.7) | 271 (20.7) | 1041 (79.3) | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 59 (4.3) | 5 (8.5) | 54 (91.5) | 0.36 (0.14 –0.90) | 0.03 | ||
| Prenatal Care | |||||||
| No | 524 (38.3) | 129 (24.6) | 395 (75.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 845 (61.7) | 147 (17.4) | 698 (82.6) | 0.64 (0.49 –0.84) | 0.001 | 0.74 (0.56–0.98) | 0.03 |
| Infant Delivery | |||||||
| Vaginal | 903 (65.8) | 218 (24.1) | 685 (75.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Cesarean | 469 (34.2) | 59 (12.6) | 410 (87.4) | 0.45 (0.33 –0.62) | <.0001 | 0.46 (0.33–0.63) | <.0001 |
| Maternal CD4 Counts (copies/mm3)/100 | 1.03 (0.99 –1.07) | 0.15 | |||||
| Log10 of Matern al Viral Load | 1.10 (0.93 –1.29) | 0.26 | |||||
No women were excluded in this analysis. The unadjusted logistic regression showed that the study site, maternal age, race/ethnicity, marital status, tobacco use, preterm birth, stillbirth, prenatal care, and mode of infant delivery were associated with overall STI infection. In the adjusted logistic analyses only younger age, tobacco use, lack of prenatal care, and vaginal infant delivery were associated with greater odds of overall STI infection