Table 3.
Logistic Regression Analysis Exploring Relationship of Individual Maternal STIs (CT, NG, and CT & NG Co-Infection) with Maternal Demographics and Pregnancy Parameters
| A) Any CT (CT Only + CT & NG Co-Infection): * Excludes NG Only (n=28)
| |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N=1345) n (col %) |
Any CT (N=249) n (row %) |
Uninfected (N=1096) n (row %) |
Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
| Maternal Age (years) | |||||||
| Continuous | 0.94 (0.92 –0.96) | <.0001 | |||||
| 30 and Older | 435 (32.3) | 52 (12.0) | 383 (88.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 25–29 | 368 (27.4) | 68 (18.5) | 300 (81.5) | 1.67 (1.13 –2.47) | 0.01 | 1.71 (1.15–2.54) | 0.01 |
| 13–24 | 542 (40.3) | 129 (23.8) | 413 (76.2) | 2.30 (1.62 –3.27) | <.0001 | 2.30 (1.61–3.29) | <.0001 |
| Tobacco Use | |||||||
| No | 911 (68.2) | 152 (16.7) | 759 (83.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 425 (31.8) | 94 (22.1) | 331 (77.9) | 1.42 (1.06 –1.89) | 0.02 | 1.36 (1.01–1.82) | 0.04 |
| Prior Stillbirth | |||||||
| No | 1285 (95.7) | 244 (19.0) | 1041 (81.0) | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 58 (4.3) | 4 (6.9) | 54 (93.1) | 0.32 (0.11 –0.88) | 0.03 | ||
| Prenatal Care | |||||||
| No | 512 (38.2) | 117 (22.9) | 395 (77.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 829 (61.8) | 131 (15.8) | 698 (84.2) | 0.63 (0.48 –0.84) | 0.001 | 0.71 (0.53–0.96) | 0.02 |
| Infant Delivery | |||||||
| Vaginal | 878 (65.3) | 193 (22.0) | 685 (78.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Cesarean | 466 (34.7) | 56 (12.0) | 410 (88.0) | 0.48 (0.35 –0.67) | <.0001 | 0.50 (0.36–0.70) | <.0001 |
| B) Any NG (NG Only + CT & NG Co-Infection): *Excludes CT Only (n= 214)
| |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N=1159) n (col %) |
Any NG (N=63) n (row %) |
Uninfected (N=1096) n (row %) |
Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
| Maternal Age (years) | |||||||
| Continuous | 0.93 (0.89 –0.97) | 0.002 | |||||
| 30 and Older | 395 (34.1) | 12 (3.0) | 383 (97.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 25–29 | 314 (27.1) | 14 (4.5) | 300 (95.5) | 1.49 (0.68 –3.27) | 0.32 | 1.63 (0.74–3.61) | 0.23 |
| 13–24 | 450 (38.8) | 37 (8.2) | 413 (91.8) | 2.86 (1.47 –5.56) | 0.002 | 2.97 (1.51–5.84) | 0.002 |
| Illegal Substance Use | |||||||
| No | 1061 (91.9) | 52 (4.9) | 1009 (95.1) | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 93 (8.1) | 11 (11.8) | 82 (88.2) | 2.60 (1.31 –5.18) | 0.01 | ||
| Tobacco Use | |||||||
| No | 793 (68.8) | 34 (4.3) | 759 (95.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 360 (31.2) | 29 (8.1) | 331 (91.9) | 1.96 (1.17 –3.26) | 0.01 | 1.83 (1.08–3.09) | 0.02 |
| Prior Preterm Birth | |||||||
| No | 941 (81.6) | 40 (4.3) | 901 (95.7) | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 212 (18.4) | 23 (10.8) | 189 (89.2) | 2.74 (1.60 –4.69) | 0.0002 | ||
| Prenatal Care | |||||||
| No | 431 (37.3) | 36 (8.4) | 395 (91.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 725 (62.7) | 27 (3.7) | 698 (96.3) | 0.42 (0.25 –0.71) | 0.001 | 0.50 (0.30–0.86) | 0.01 |
| Infant Delivery | |||||||
| Vaginal | 738 (63.7) | 53 (7.2) | 685 (92.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Cesarean | 420 (36.3) | 10 (2.4) | 410 (97.6) | 0.32 (0.16 –0.63) | 0.001 | 0.33 (0.17–0.68) | 0.002 |
| C) CT & NG Co-Infection: *Excludes CT Only (n=214) and NG Only (n=28)
| |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N=1131) n (col %) |
CT& NG Co-infection (N=35) n (row %) |
Uninfected (N=1096) n (row %) |
Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
| Maternal Age (years) | |||||||
| Continuous | 0.87 (0.82 –0.94) | 0.0001 | |||||
| 30 and Older | 387 (34.2) | 4 (1.0) | 383 (99.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 25–29 | 306 (27.1) | 6 (2.0) | 300 (98.0) | 1.91 (0.54 –6.85) | 0.32 | 2.26 (0.63–8.14) | 0.21 |
| 13–24 | 438 (38.7) | 25 (5.7) | 413 (94.3) | 5.80 (2.00–16.81) | 0.001 | 6.24 (2.14–18.3) | 0.001 |
| Illegal Substance Use | |||||||
| No | 1038 (91.8) | 29 (2.8) | 1009 (97.2) | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 88 (7.8) | 6 (6.8) | 82 (93.2) | 2.55 (1.03 –6.31) | 0.04 | ||
| Tobacco Use | |||||||
| No | 778 (68.8) | 19 (2.4) | 759 (97.6) | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 347 (30.7) | 16 (4.6) | 331 (95.4) | 1.93 (0.98 –3.80) | 0.06 | ||
| Prior Preterm Birth | |||||||
| No | 923 (81.6) | 22 (2.4) | 901 (97.6) | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 202 (17.9) | 13 (6.4) | 189 (93.6) | 2.82 (1.39 –5.69) | 0.004 | ||
| Prenatal Care | |||||||
| No | 419 (37.0) | 24 (5.7) | 395 (94.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 709 (62.7) | 11 (1.6) | 698 (98.4) | 0.26 (0.13 –0.54) | 0.0003 | 0.31 (0.15–0.67) | 0.003 |
| Infant Delivery | |||||||
| Vaginal | 713 (63.0) | 28 (3.9) | 685 (96.1) | 1.00 | |||
| Cesarean | 417 (36.9) | 7 (1.7) | 410 (98.3) | 0.42 (0.18 –0.96) | 0.04 | ||
Logistic regression was done to evaluate the relationship of each STI group (any CT, any NG, and CT & NG co-infected) with maternal demographic, pregnancy, and HIV-related parameters (study site, maternal age, occupation, race/ethnicity, marital status, illegal substance use, alcohol use, tobacco use, prior preterm birth, prior stillbirth, prenatal care, mode of delivery, CD4 count, and log10 of HIV viral load). Only parameters found to be significant are displayed above.
A) Part A of the table analyzes the relationship between any CT-infection (CT only, CT & NG co-infected) versus those uninfected with any STI with respect to maternal demographic, pregnancy, and HIV-related characteristics. Mothers with NG only were excluded from this analysis. Only significant findings are displayed. The unadjusted logistic regression demonstrated that study site, maternal age, tobacco use, prior stillbirth, prenatal care status, and mode of infant delivery were associated with CT infection. However, the adjusted logistic regression analyses demonstrated that only younger age, tobacco use, no prenatal care, and vaginal delivery were associated with greater odds of CT infection.
B) Part B of the table analyzes relationship between any NG-infection (NG only, CT & NG co-infected) versus those uninfected with any STI with respect to maternal demographic, pregnancy, and HIV-related characteristics. Mothers with CT only were excluded from analysis. Only significant findings are displayed. The unadjusted logistic regression showed that study site, maternal age, race/ethnicity, marital status, illegal substance use, tobacco use, prior preterm birth, prenatal care status, and mode of delivery were associated with NG infection. However, the adjusted logistic analyses showed that younger age, tobacco use, no prenatal care, and vaginal infant delivery were associated with greater odds of NG infection.
C) Part C of the table analyzes relationship between mothers with CT & NG co-infection versus those uninfected with any STI with respect to maternal demographic, pregnancy, and HIV-related characteristics. CT only as well as NG only mothers were excluded from analysis. Only significant findings are displayed. The unadjusted logistic regression showed that the study site, maternal age, race/ethnicity, illegal substance use, tobacco use (marginal significance), prior preterm birth, prenatal care status, and infant delivery type were associated with CT & NG co-infection. The adjusted logistic analyses showed that only younger age and no prenatal care were associated with the greater odds of CT & NG co-infection.