. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 17.

Published in final edited form as: Chem Res Toxicol. 2015 Aug 6;28(8):1603–1615. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00177

Table 1.

Mean (95% CI) of Urinary HAA Metabolite Biomarkers in a Semi-Controlled Feeding Study^ab

		Phase I (pre-feeding)	Phase II (meat-feeding)			Phase III (post-feeding)		p-value (phases I & III vs II)
Biomarkers	Unit	Day 21 n=42	Day 23^b n=44	Day 35^b n=44	Day 49^b n=44	Day 70 n=44	Day 77 n=24	p-value (phases I & III vs II)
MelQx	pg/mL	0.37 (0.19, 0.58)	23.7 (18.9, 29.7)	22.1 (17.6, 27.8)	24.0 (17.5, 32.8)	0.58 (0.37, 0.83)	0.55 (0.28, 0.87)	<0.001
MelQx	% dose	0.05 (0.01, 0.08)	2.69 (2.30, 3.11)	1.88 (1.60, 2.20)	2.24 (1.80, 2.75)	0.06 (0.04, 0.09)	0.07 (0.02, 0.11)	<0.001
8-CH₂OH-IQX	pg/mL	0.40 (0.16, 0.69)	39.8 (30.5, 51.9)	41.9 (32.8, 53.4)	44.4 (33.5, 58.7)	0.63 (0.31, 1.03)	0.73 (0.29, 1.31)	<0.001
8-CH₂OH-IQX	% dose	0.06 (0.01, 0.11)	3.77 (3.15, 4.49)	3.11 (2.57, 3.72)	3.43 (2.79, 4.17)	0.07 (0.03, 0.11)	0.08 (0.02, 0.13)	<0.001
IQx-8-COOH	pg/mL	1.42 (0.54, 2.80)	253 (185, 346)	352 (271, 458)	349 (249, 490)	0.82 (0.27, 1.62)	2.83 (1.50, 4.87)	<0.001
IQx-8-COOH	% dose	0.31 (0.08, 0.59)	17.6 (13.5, 22.9)	22.9 (18.4, 28.4)	22.1 (16.9, 28.7)	0.17 (0.04, 0.32)	0.32 (0.11, 0.56)	<0.001
PhIP	pg/mL	0.27 (0.11, 0.46)	8.43 (6.59, 10.7)	9.19 (7.04, 11.9)	9.80 (7.67, 12.5)	0.29 (0.11, 0.51)	0.51 (0.30, 0.75)	<0.001
PhIP	% dose	0.003 (0, 0.01)	0.16 (0.14, 0.18)	0.15 (0.12, 0.18)	0.17 (0.14, 0.20)	0.005 (0, 0.01)	0.01 (0, 0.02)	<0.001
HONH-PhIP-N²-GI	pg/mL	4.09 (1.96, 7.76)	2793 (2083, 3746)	3648 (2717, 4897)	3411 (2447, 4755)	3.09 (1.37, 6.06)	4.62 (1.79, 10.3)	<0.001
HONH-PhIP-N²-GI	% dose	0.13 (0.04, 0.22)	21.8 (18.2, 26.2)	28.0 (23.3, 33.6)	25.1 (19.5, 32.1)	0.17 (0.04, 0.31)	0.17 (0.02, 0.35)	<0.001
HONH-PhIP-N3-GI	pg/mL	0.20 (0, 0.48)	247 (187, 324)	321 (233, 442)	307 (215, 438)	0.26 (0, 0.67)	0.11 (0, 0.40)	<0.001
HONH-PhIP-N3-GI	% dose	0.003 (0, 0.11)	2.07 (1.77, 2.41)	2.48 (2.14, 2.86)	2.49 (2.15, 2.88)	0.02 (0, 0.13)	0.01 (0, 0.12)	<0.001

The collection of urine samples commenced after 3 weeks on a low meat diet. Samples were collected on Day 0, 2, 14, and 21 days (Days 21, 23, 35, and 49) following the start of consumption of well-done meat, and 3 and 4 weeks (Days 70 and 77) following cessation of consumption of cooked meat.

Geometric mean and 95% CI based on mixed linear model.

Comparing the values of days 21, 70, and 71 to values of days 23, 35, and 49 based on an F test with (1, 43) degrees of freedom.