Figure 1.

Hospital resource utilization is represented by the median number of units of packed red blood cells (PRBC) transfused during the course of hospitalization and hospital length of stay (LoS). (a) The median number of units of PRBC transfused was 2 in the open pancreatoduodenectomy (OPD) subgroup compared with 0 in the totally laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy (TLPD) subgroup (P < 0.001). (b) The median LoS was 9 days in the OPD subgroup and 8 days in the TLPD subgroup (P < 0.001). Median values are represented as data were skewed and not normally distributed. Non-parametric tests of association (Kruskal–Wallis test) were performed to determine P-values in comparisons between the experiment and control groups