Table 2.

Summary of diversity described in European ecotypes by AMOVA

Source	df	SS	MS	Est. var.	%
Between regions	3	48,323	16,108	85	8
Between accessions	86	230,273	2678	247	24
Between individuals	626	446,237	713	713	68
Total	715	724,833		1045	100

Stat.	Value	P(rand ≥ data)
PhiRT	0.081	0.001
PhiPR	0.257	0.001
PhiPT	0.318	0.001

Region	No. of individuals	No. of accessions	Between accessions (%)	Within accessions (%)	PhiPT	P value
“East”	96	12	27	73	0.268	0.001
“North”	360	45	24	76	0.236	0.001
“South”	124	16	31	69	0.310	0.001
“West”	136	17	26	74	0.260	0.001

Df degrees of freedom; SS sum of squares, MS mean square, Est var. estimated variance. Phi_RT = AR/(WP + AP + AR) = AR/TOT among regions. ${\text{Phi}}_{\text{PT}}=\left(\text{AP}+\text{AR}\right)/\left(\text{WP}+\text{AP}+\text{AR}\right)=\left(\text{AP}+\text{AR}\right)/\text{TOT}$ (among individuals within accessions). ${\text{Phi}}_{\text{PR}}={\text{Phi}}_{\text{RT}}+{\text{Phi}}_{\text{PR}}=\text{AP/WP}+\text{AP}$ (among accessions within region) where AR is between regions; AP is between accessions within region; WP is between individuals within accession

Individuals divided into four regions as described by PCA (Fig. 1 and defined in Supplementary Fig. 1). Regions described as “North”—upper quadrant of PCA plot including individuals from the UK, Northern Europe and Spanish outliers. “West”—bottom left group comprised of individuals from Spanish and Portuguese sample sites. “South”—bottom quadrant comprising Italian, Bulgarian and Turkish individuals. “East” group describes individuals on centre right of PCA plot, including Romania, Czech Republic, Bulgaria