Fig. 5.

DBcAMP alters the expression of DNA methylation enzymes and increases global DNA methylation levels in HL-1 cells. qPCR results revealed that DBcAMP treatment of HL-1 cells for 48 h significantly altered the mRNA expression of DNA methylation enzymes (A). Bars ± SE represent fold changes normalized to β-actin and relative to the DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt1) expression in the vehicle group (n = 3, *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 vs. vehicle). Protein expressions of DNMT1 and DNMT3a were also affected by DBcAMP (B and C). The fold change was normalized to β-actin. DBcAMP treatment for 48 h significantly increased the level of global cytosine methylation (D) but did not change % cytosine hydroxymethylation (E).