Table 3.
The influence of green space on children's waist-to-height ratio.
| Boys (N = 6414) | Girls (N = 6070) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Fixed effects | ||||||
| Age | −4.32 (−6.38, −2.26)∗∗∗ | −4.19 (−6.25, −2.14)∗∗∗ | −3.50 (−5.82, −1.18)∗∗ | 3.71 (1.59, 5.84)∗∗ | 3.69 (1.57, 5.82)∗∗ | 4.66 (2.23, 7.08)∗∗∗ |
| Age2 | 0.48 (0.25, 0.70)∗∗∗ | 0.47 (0.25, 0.70)∗∗∗ | 0.41 (0.15, 0.66)∗∗ | −0.47 (−0.71, −0.24)∗∗∗ | −0.47 (−0.71, −0.24)∗∗∗ | −0.58 (−0.85, −0.31)∗∗∗ |
| Age3 | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.01)∗∗∗ | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.01)∗∗∗ | −0.01 (−0.02, −0.01)∗∗ | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03)∗∗∗ | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03)∗∗∗ | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03)∗∗∗ |
| Green space 0–5% | ||||||
| Green space 6–10% | −0.31 (−1.05, 0.43) | 0.97 (−0.18, 2.12) | 1.80 (0.54, 3.07)∗∗ | −0.11 (−0.83, 0.62) | 0.41 (−0.76, 1.58) | 0.05 (−1.09, 1.19) |
| Green space 11–20% | −0.32 (−0.98, 0.33) | 1.02 (0.00, 2.04) | 1.22 (0.10, 2.34)∗ | −0.38 (−1.02, 0.26) | −0.34 (−1.38, 0.70) | 0.14 (−1.15, 1.43) |
| Green space 21–30% | −0.67 (−1.44, 0.10) | 1.19 (−0.02, 2.40) | 1.36 (0.05, 2.67)∗ | −0.15 (−0.89, 0.59) | −0.02 (−1.22, 1.17) | 0.07 (−1.45, 1.60) |
| Green space 31–40% | −0.29 (−1.16, 0.57) | 0.21 (−1.12, 1.54) | 0.55 (−0.88, 1.99) | −0.08 (−0.93, 0.78) | 0.01 (−1.39, 1.40) | −1.20 (−2.62, 0.22) |
| Green space >40% | −0.82 (−1.65, 0.01) | −0.46 (−1.75, 0.83) | −0.42 (−1.85, 1.01) | −0.32 (−1.13, 0.49) | −1.10 (−2.41, 0.20) | 0.05 (−1.09, 1.19) |
| Green space p | 0.4089 | 0.0497 | 0.0096 | 0.867 | 0.3198 | 0.2404 |
| Green space 0–5% × age | ||||||
| Green space 6–10% × age | −0.14 (−0.24, −0.04)∗∗ | −0.21 (−0.33, −0.10)∗∗∗ | −0.06 (−0.16, 0.04) | −0.08 (−0.20, 0.03) | ||
| Green space 11–20% × age | −0.15 (−0.23, −0.06)∗∗ | −0.17 (−0.27, −0.07)∗∗ | 0.00 (−0.10, 0.09) | −0.02 (−0.13, 0.08) | ||
| Green space 21–30% × age | −0.21 (−0.31, −0.10)∗∗∗ | −0.20 (−0.32, −0.09)∗∗ | −0.01 (−0.12, 0.09) | 0.00 (−0.12, 0.11) | ||
| Green space 31–40% × age | −0.06 (−0.17, 0.06) | −0.10 (−0.22, 0.03) | −0.01 (−0.13, 0.11) | 0.01 (−0.13, 0.15) | ||
| Green space >40% × age | −0.04 (−0.15, 0.07) | −0.04 (−0.16, 0.09) | 0.09 (−0.03, 0.20) | 0.11 (−0.02, 0.25) | ||
| Green space × age p | 0.0004 | 0.0003 | 0.275 | 0.1082 | ||
| Combined weekly income (thousands) | −0.12 (−0.19, −0.05)∗∗ | −0.05 (−0.13, 0.03) | ||||
| Child indigenous status | 1.83 (0.59, 3.06)∗∗ | 1.67 (0.46, 2.89)∗∗ | ||||
| Maternal years education | −0.07 (−0.14, 0.01) | −0.18 (−0.25, −0.11)∗∗∗ | ||||
| LOTE | 0.98 (0.39, 1.57)∗∗ | −0.28 (−0.88, 0.32) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Random effects | ||||||
| Area | 1.62 (0.91, 2.88) | 1.62 (0.91, 2.88) | 1.35 (0.68, 2.68) | 1.02 (0.44, 2.34) | 1.02 (0.44, 2.34) | 0.57 (0.15, 2.14) |
| Individual | 17.84 (16.50, 19.30) | 17.87 (16.52, 19.32) | 16.52 (15.15, 18.01) | 17.71 (16.35, 19.19) | 17.72 (16.35, 19.20) | 15.72 (14.39, 17.17) |
| Residual | 8.99 (8.68, 9.32) | 8.96 (8.64, 9.29) | 8.66 (8.30, 9.03) | 9.12 (8.79, 9.46) | 9.11 (8.78, 9.45) | 8.87 (8.50, 9.26) |
Note. LOTE = language other than English; age2 = age squared; age3 = age cubed. Model 1 – influence of green space and age on waist-to-height ratio; model 2 – model 1 + green space × age interaction; model 3 – model 2 + socioeconomic controls. ∗∗∗ = p < 0.001; ∗∗ = p < 0.01; ∗ = p < 0.05. Overall variable p values from Wald tests.