Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of study groups
| Sociodemographic and clinical variables | Training and cross-validation database |
Independent validation database |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MD | SZ | T | P | BIP | FEP | ARMS-E | ARMS-L | |
| n | 104 | 158 | 35 | 23 | 21 | 68 | ||
| n Basel [%] / Munich [%] | 0 / 100 | 0 / 100 | 0 / 100 | 100 / 0 | 0 / 100 | 54 / 46 | ||
| Mean age at baseline [yrs] (SD) | 42.3 (12.0) | 30.8 (10.0) | 8.1‡ | <.001 | 39 (9.6) | 26.8 (6.5) | 25.6 (5.6) | 24.6 (5.9) |
| Sex (male) [%] | 50 | 74 | 15.8† | <.001 | 51 | 74 | 48 | 68 |
| Handedness (right) [%] | 95 | 91 | 1.5† | ns | 85 | 78 | 81 | 90 |
| BMI [kg/m2] (SD) | 24.7 (4.6) | 24.3 (4.4) | 0.7‡ | ns | 25.6 (3.6) | – | 21.1 (2.4) | 23.0 (3.3)m |
| Schooling [yrs] (SD) | 10.6 (2.0) | 10.6 (2.1) | 0.2‡ | ns | 11.6 (1.6) | 10.0 (1.6) | 11.5 (2.9) | 11.1 (1.5) |
| Nicotine [cig./day] | 9.7 (13.4) | 13.2 (13.7) | −1.96‡ | ns | 11.4 (13.1) | – | 7.0 (9.9) | 7.0 (9.8)m |
| Alcohol [g/day] | 11.2 (21.1) | 11.2 (25.5) | −0.01‡ | ns | 5.6 (20.6) | – | 2.9 (5.6) | 7.7 (15.3)m |
| Mean age of disease onset [yrs] (SD; median) | 36.5 (12.0) | 25.5 (8.0) | 8.1‡ | <.001 | 26.1 (9.1) | – | – | – |
| Mean illness duration [yrs] (SD) | 6.0 (7.8) | 4.5 (7.0) | 1.4‡ | ns | 13.9 (9.2) | – | – | – |
| Current treatment with typical antipsychotics [%] | 10.0 | 30.7 | 17.7† | <.001 | 0.0 | 0.0 | – | – |
| Current treatment with atypical antipsychotics [%] | 9.0 | 67.3 | 86.7† | <.001 | 40.0 | 39.1 | – | – |
| Current chlorpromazine equivalents [mg/d] | 43.1 (162.0) | 346.3 (373.4) | −8.6‡ | <.001 | 189.2 (322.9) | 244.0 (163) | – | – |
| Current treatment with antidepressants [%] | 73.1 | 7.9 | 156.7† | <.001 | 16.7 | 21.7 | 23.8 | 12.9 |
| Current treatment with mood stabilizers [%] | 13.0 | 3.3 | 8.1† | <.01 | 66.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Current treatment with lithium [%] | 7.0 | 0.0 | 10.† | <.01 | 16.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Mean BPRS (SD) | – | 52.7 (13.6) | – | 41.9 (10.6)b | ||||
| Mean PANSS total (SD) | – | 52.6 (29.2) | – | – | – | – | 56.8 (14.0) | 62.0 (22.2) |
| Mean PANSS positive (SD) | – | 11.9 (8.0) | – | – | – | – | 9.86 (2.6) | 13.7 (4.5) |
| Mean PANSS negative (SD) | – | 15.2 (9.7) | – | – | – | – | 14.9 (6.7) | 15.7 (8.5) |
| Mean PANSS general psychopathology (SD) | – | 25.6 (16.1) | – | – | – | – | 32.0 (7.9) | 32.6 (11.1) |
| Mean SANS (SD) | – | 45.0 (26.8) | – | – | – | 10.0 (5.3) | – | 9.5 (5.4)b |
| Mean HDRS (SD) | 21.3 (9.5) | – | – | – | 9.7 (9.8) | – | – | – |
| Mean YMRS (SD) | 11.0 (12.0) | – | – | – | ||||
| BrainAGE [yrs] (SD) | 4.0 (6.2) | 6.0 (6.0) | −2.55‡ | <.05 | 3.8 (6.5) | 5.1 (8.5) | −1.5 (7.7) | 2.7 (6.8) |
Descriptive analyses between major depression and schizophrenia patient groups were performed by means of χ2-tests for categorical data (†) and t-tests for continuous data (‡) t-tests. BMI = body mass index; BPRS = Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; cig. = cigarettes; HDRS = Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; SD = standard deviation; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale. m data only available for the Munich subjects. b data only available for the Basel subjects.