Table 3.
Receipt of Educational Services Among US Children Aged 6–17 Years with ASD, DD, and/or ID, by Sociodemographic and Need Factors: Weighted Percentages, Adjusted Odds Ratios (95% CIs)a and P valuesb
| IEP (n = 3,051) |
IEP Addresses Parent Concerns (n = 2,571) |
≥1 School-Based Therapy (n = 2,486) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | aOR | P value | % | aOR | P value | % | aOR | P value | |
| Sociodemographic Factors | |||||||||
| Age, y | |||||||||
| Elementary, 6–11 | 83.0 | 1.26 (0.84–1.90) | 0.26 | 83.0 | 1.11 (0.68–1.81) | 0.69 | 86.4 | 3.85 (2.68–5.53) | < .001* |
| Middle or High School, 12–17 | 83.1 | Referent | 84.6 | Referent | 68.1 | Referent | |||
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 84.2 | 1.42 (0.92–2.19) | 0.11 | 82.7 | 0.78 (0.47–1.31) | 0.35 | 76.1 | 0.96 (0.62–1.47) | 0.84 |
| Female | 80.3 | Referent | 86.4 | Referent | 78.1 | Referent | |||
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||
| Hispanic | 91.2 | 2.92 (1.44–5.92) | 0.003NS | 77.4 | 0.66 (0.31–1.43) | 0.30 | 81.8 | 1.88 (0.95–3.71) | 0.07 |
| White, NH | 82.2 | Referent | 85.2 | Referent | 75.0 | Referent | |||
| Black, NH | 77.6 | 0.78 (0.38–1.59) | 0.49 | 90.4 | 1.48 (0.63–3.49) | 0.37 | 80.3 | 1.17 (0.68–2.04) | 0.57 |
| Other Race, NH | 86.2 | 0.61 (0.29–1.27) | 0.19 | 73.4 | 0.60 (0.29–1.25) | 0.17 | 85.0 | 1.47 (0.77–2.83) | 0.25 |
| Household income | |||||||||
| 0%–99% FPL | 80.1 | 0.51 (0.23–1.15) | 0.10 | 86.1 | 1.38 (0.60–3.20) | 0.45 | 79.2 | 0.93 (0.48–1.82) | 0.84 |
| 100%–199% FPL | 83.1 | 0.67 (0.35–1.25) | 0.21 | 87.1 | 1.72 (0.91–3.27) | 0.10 | 79.7 | 1.04 (0.58–1.87) | 0.89 |
| 200%–399% FPL | 84.9 | 1.02 (0.62–1.69) | 0.93 | 83.1 | 1.28 (0.76–2.14) | 0.36 | 78.4 | 1.20 (0.75–1.91) | 0.44 |
| ≥400% FPL | 83.8 | Referent | 79.4 | Referent | 73.0 | Referent | |||
| Health insurance type | |||||||||
| Any private insurance | 81.7 | Referent | 0.49 | 83.1 | Referent | 0.53 | 74.6 | Referent | 0.16 |
| Public insurance only | 84.8 | 1.26 (0.64–2.48) | 84.4 | 0.83 (0.46–1.50) | 81.7 | 1.44 (0.87–2.39) | |||
| Census region | |||||||||
| Northeast | 88.0 | Referent | 86.2 | Referent | 81.3 | Referent | |||
| Midwest | 81.5 | 0.63 (0.30–1.32) | 0.22 | 89.6 | 1.42 (0.72–2.83) | 0.31 | 78.8 | 1.02 (0.60–1.73) | 0.95 |
| South | 78.3 | 0.64 (0.32–1.25) | 0.19 | 85.6 | 1.02 (0.53–1.98) | 0.95 | 75.8 | 0.62 (0.38–1.00) | 0.049NS |
| West | 87.9 | 0.88 (0.40–1.96) | 0.76 | 72.6 | 0.60 (0.30–1.17) | 0.14 | 74.7 | 0.77 (0.42–1.40) | 0.39 |
| Family structure | |||||||||
| 2 Biological/adoptive parents | 85.1 | Referent | 83.2 | Referent | 77.0 | Referent | |||
| Single mother | 82.0 | 1.43 (0.84–2.41) | 0.19 | 81.3 | 0.89 (0.43–1.82) | 0.75 | 80.4 | 1.16 (0.74–1.82) | 0.51 |
| Other family structure | 79.9 | 1.13 (0.65–1.95) | 0.66 | 89.0 | 1.69 (0.82–3.48) | 0.15 | 74.8 | 0.97 (0.59–1.60) | 0.90 |
| Highest parental education | |||||||||
| ≤High school | 80.7 | 0.89 (0.51–1.58) | 0.70 | 89.1 | 1.39 (0.77–2.52) | 0.27 | 83.3 | 1.73 (1.06– 2.82) | 0.027NS |
| >High school | 84.1 | Referent | 81.3 | Referent | 75.1 | Referent | |||
| School Type | |||||||||
| Public school | 83.6 | Referent | 0.09 | 84.2 | Referent | 0.84 | 77.9 | Referent | 0.71 |
| Private school or home schooled | 76.7 | 0.62 (0.36–1.08) | 78.4 | 0.92 (0.41–2.04) | 72.4 | 1.11 (0.64–1.93) | |||
| Need Factors | |||||||||
| Developmental condition | |||||||||
| DD | 79.5 | Referent | 85.3 | Referent | 69.9 | Referent | |||
| ASD | 84.5 | 0.96 (0.62–1.49) | 0.87 | 82.3 | 1.52 (0.91–2.52) | 0.11 | 85.2 | 2.31 (1.54–3.46) | < .001* |
| ID | 89.8 | 1.30 (0.64–2.65) | 0.47 | 82.9 | 1.49 (0.74–3.04) | 0.27 | 82.6 | 2.40 (1.39–4.15) | 0.002* |
| Functional limitations status | |||||||||
| No functional limitations | 76.5 | Referent | 0.001* | 88.6 | Referent | 0.005NS | 68.3 | Referent | 0.001* |
| Functional limitations | 88.3 | 2.15 (1.35–3.44) | 80.4 | 0.45 (0.26–0.79) | 84.1 | 1.89 (1.29–2.76) | |||
| Care coordination need | |||||||||
| Needed care coordination | 83.0 | 0.82 (0.49–1.38) | 0.46 | 72.3 | 0.50 (0.33–0.77) | 0.002* | 78.0 | 0.82 (0.53–1.26) | 0.367 |
| No care coordination need | 83.3 | Referent | 89.0 | Referent | 77.2 | Referent | |||
| Early intervention receipt | |||||||||
| EI receipt | 90.3 | 1.67 (1.03–2.71) | 0.039NS | 85.5 | 1.75 (1.08–2.83) | 0.022NS | 88.0 | 2.31 (1.57–3.39) | < .001* |
| No EI | 78.2 | Referent | 82.6 | Referent | 69.3 | Referent | |||
Abbreviations: ASD, autism spectrum disorder; CI, confidence interval; DD, developmental delay; EI, early intervention; FPL, federal poverty level; ID, intellectual disability; IEP, individualized education program.
Odds ratios also adjusted for ease of access to community-based services and receipt of special education services in 2009–10.
P values were computed from the multivariable models. The Holm method was applied to P values to determine statistical significance given multiple comparisons: NS = not statistically significant at the 0.05 level after applying the Holm procedure, and
= statistically significant at the < 0.05 level after applying the Holm procedure.
Source: 2011 Survey of Pathways to Diagnosis and Services