Table 3.
Pooled ORs (95% CI) for the association between home pesticide exposure and the risk of ALL in the offspring: Overall and by subgroups
| Within 1-3 months before conception (5 studies1, unless otherwise indicated) |
During pregnancy (9 studies2, unless otherwise indicated) |
After birth (6 studies3, unless otherwise indicated) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N Case/Controls |
% exposed |
OR4,5 (95% CI) | Total N Case/Controls |
% exposed |
OR4,5 (95% CI) | Total N Case/Controls |
% exposed |
OR4,5 (95% CI) | |
| Any pesticide exposure | |||||||||
| All participants with relevant data | 2,785/3,635 | 53.9/46.4 | 1.39 (1.25, 1.55) | 5,055/7,370 | 63.0/53.2 | 1.43 (1.32, 1.54) | 4,162/5,179 | 79.3/73.7 | 1.36 (1.23,1.51) |
| Missing values | 292/280 | 300/339 | 258/368 | ||||||
| Immunophenotype | |||||||||
| B-lineage cases | 1,896/3,635 | 53.3/46.4 | 1.41 (1.25, 1.59) | 3,779/7,370 | 62.5/53.2 | 1.47 (1.35, 1.61) | 3,020/5,179 | 79.0/73.7 | 1.35 (1.21, 1.52) |
| T-lineage cases | 250/3,635 | 52.4/46.4 | 1.47 (1.10, 1.95) | 514/7,370 | 61.7/53.2 | 1.42 (1.16, 1.74) | 421/5179 | 79.8/73.7 | 1.43 (1.10, 1.85) |
| Age at diagnosis | |||||||||
| 0-1 years | 303/498 | 53.5/47.2 | 1.44 (1.05, 1.97) | 574/1,157 | 67.1/49.4 | 1.87 (1.48, 2.37) | 428/641 | 67.8/62.2 | 1.22 (0.91, 1.62) |
| 2-4 years | 1,275/1,503 | 55.5/47.1 | 1.49 (1.27, 1.75) | 2,374/2,940 | 63.4/55.2 | 1.43 (1.27, 1.61) | 2,005/2,309 | 77.7/73.9 | 1.30 (1.12, 1.51) |
| 5-9 years | 796/1,062 | 51.5/47.9 | 1.14 (0.93, 1.39) | 1,496/2,180 | 60.4/53.6 | 1.24 (1.07, 1.43) | 1,249/1,587 | 82.6/76.1 | 1.43 (1.18, 1.74) |
| 10 or more years | 411/572 | 54.0/41.1 | 1.66 (1.25, 2.21) | 611/1,093 | 64.2/51.1 | 1.59 (1.27, 2.00) | 480/642 | 87.7/78.7 | 1.81 (1.27, 2.58) |
| Interaction p value = 0.70 | Interaction p value = 0.01 | Interaction p value = 0.10 | |||||||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Girls | 1,239/1,638 | 54.7/46.9 | 1.41 (1.20, 1.65) | 2,251/3,272 | 64.7/53.6 | 1.52 (1.35, 1.71) | 1,816/2,300 | 80.1/73.8 | 1.38 (1.18, 1.61) |
| Boys | 1,546/1,997 | 53.3/46.0 | 1.38 (1.19, 1.59) | 2,804/4,098 | 61.7/52.8 | 1.35 (1.22, 1.51) | 2,346/2,879 | 78.7/73.7 | 1.35 (1.17, 1.54) |
| Interaction p value = 0.91 | Interaction p value = 0.20 | Interaction p value = 0.73 | |||||||
| Child's reference year6 | |||||||||
| Before 1997 | 2,059/2,507 | 51.6/41.2 | 1.47 (1.30, 1.66) | 2,934/3,284 | 63.9/57.4 | 1.33 (1.19, 1.49) | 2,665/2,767 | 78.3/73.8 | 1.32 (1.15, 1.50) |
| 1997 or later | 726/1,128 | 60.5/58.0 | 1.20 (0.98, 1.46) | 2,121/4,086 | 61.9/49.8 | 1.50 (1.34, 1.68) | 1,497/2,412 | 81.0/73.7 | 1.38 (1.17, 1.64) |
| Interaction p value = 0.28 | Interaction p value = <0.01 | Interaction p value = 0.02 | |||||||
| Exposure to | |||||||||
| Professional pest control treatments | 2,660/3,1207 | 9.2/8.0 | 1.24 (1.03, 1.50) | 5,660/8,9388 | 8.2/6.1 | 1.19 (1.04, 1.36) | 3,611/8,3889 | 15.4/11.3 | 1.28 (1.14, 1.45) |
| Household insecticide/miticide | 2,529/3,0277 | 30.3/24.9 | 1.34 (1.19, 1.51) | 4,792/6,73210 | 45.5/38.9 | 1.28 (1.18, 1.38) | 4,032/4,83211 | 60.0/55.8 | 1.23 (1.12, 1.34) |
| Pesticide used on pets | 2,586/3,0557 | 21.0/18.9 | 1.17 (1.02, 1.34) | 3,841/5,76313 | 19.9/16.6 | 1.15 (1.03, 1.29) | 3,050/3,76814 | 31.7/27.8 | 1.15 (1.03, 1.29) |
| Insecticide or fungicide used on plants or trees | 2,699/3,1667 | 4.6/3.3 | 1.49 (1.14, 1.95) | 4,938/6,87910 | 9.8/7.5 | 1.26 (1.11, 1.44) | 4,006/4,78611 | 20.0/15.4 | 1.41 (1.26, 1.59) |
| Herbicide | 2,659/3,1357 | 11.7/11.9 | 1.23 (1.04, 1.45) | 4,938/6,87910 | 15.4/11.0 | 1.34 (1.19, 1.50) | 4,066/4,87811 | 30.2/25.5 | 1.34 (1.21, 1.48) |
| Rodenticide | 2686/3,1507 | 6.3/4.5 | 1.39 (1.10, 1.76) | 3,492/3,96314 | 7.1/5.0 | 1.42 (1.17, 1.73) | 3,251/3,54714 | 10.5/8.5 | 1.32 (1.12, 1.56) |
| Molluscicide | 2,715/3,1787 | 3.0/3.7 | 1.06 (0.79, 1.43) | 3,511/3,96814 | 3.5/4.3 | 1.01 (0.79, 1.28) | 3,256/3,56714 | 6.5/7.9 | 1.06 (0.87, 1.30) |
| Personal insect repellant | Not shown as only 1 study had data | 1,603/1,98015 | 12.9/9.3 | 1.42 (1.15, 1.77) | 1,431/1,73915 | 29.5/27.7 | 1.02 (0.86, 1.20) | ||
Greece (NARECHEM 1993-1994 and 1996-1997), New Zealand, US (COG-E15 and NCCLS).
Canada, France (Adele and ESCALE), Italy, Greece (NARECHEM 1993-1994 and 1996-1997), New Zealand, US (COG-E15 and NCCLS).
Canada, France (Adele), Italy, New Zealand, US (COG-E15 & NCCLS).
The reference group was those with no pesticide exposure in that time period.
Adjusted for age, sex, birth year group, study, ethnicity and highest level of education of either parent.
Reference years are based on the child's age at the censoring date. For case, this was the date at diagnosis and for controls, it was the date that the study investigators nominated (either the date of recruitment or the date of the questionnaire return).
Data available from two studies (US (COG-E15 and NCCLS)).
Data available from six studies (Australia, Canada, Italy, UKCCS, US (COG-E15 and NCCLS)).
Data available from five studies (Australia, Germany, Italy, UKCCS, US (NCCLS)).
Data available from six studies (Canada, France (Adele and ESCALE) Italy, US (COG-E15 and NCCLS)).
Data available from five studies (Canada, France (Adele) Italy, US (COG-E15 and NCCLS)).
Data available from four studies (France (ESCALE) Italy, US (COG-E15 and NCCLS)).
Data available from three studies (Italy, US (COG-E15 and NCCLS)).
Data available from three studies (Canada, US (COG-E15 and NCCLS)).
Data available from two studies (Canada, US (NCCLS)).