Table 1.
Physiological Effects of Feeding a High-Fat Diet between Diet Induced Obesity (ad libitum access to food) and Time Restricted Feeding (8–12 hour access to food during active phase)
| Diet Induced Obesity* | Time Restricted Feeding* | |
|---|---|---|
| Body weight | Greatly Increased | Same |
| Activity | Same | Same |
| Calories consumed | Same or Slightly greater | Same |
| Diurnal feeding pattern | Dampened | Strengthened (as part of protocol) |
| Whole body energy expenditure (VO2) | Same | Increased |
| Diurnal rhythms of Circadian Oscillators (e.g., Per2, Bmal1, Rev-erbα) | Dampened | Same |
| Insulin sensitivity | Decreased | Same |
| Leptin sensitivity | Decreased | Same |
| Motor coordination | Decreased | Increased |
| Body composition from fat (Adiposity) | Increased | Same |
| Adipose tissue | Hypertrophied | Same |
| Macrophage infiltration of white adipose tissue | Present | Absent |
| Pro-inflammatory cytokines in white adipose tissue | Greatly Increased | Same |
| Hepatic steatosis | Present | Absent |
| Brown adipose tissue steatosis | Present | Absent |
| Fatty acid synthase activity | Slightly Increased | Decreased |
| Hepatic unsaturated fats | Greatly Increased | Mildly Increased |
| Stool bile acids | Same | Increased |
| Serum bile acids | Decreased diversity | Increased diversity |
Note: * When compared to mice fed a normal chow diet ad libitum.