Fig. 14.

Different anesthetics (propofol, sevoflurane, ketamine and dexmedetomidine), different electroencephalogram signatures and different molecular and neural circuit mechanisms. A. Anesthetic-specific differences in the electroencephalogram are difficult to discern in unprocessed electroencephalogram waveforms. B. In the spectrogram, it is clear that different anesthetics produce different electroencephalogram signatures. The dynamics the electroencephalogram signatures can be related to the molecular targets and the neural circuits at which the anesthetics act to create altered states of arousal. Panels A and B were adapted from Purdon and Brown, Clinical Electroencephalography for the Anesthesiologist (2014), with permission from the Partners Healthcare Office of Continuing Professional Development.¹³¹