Table 3.
Age- and covariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between demographic characteristics, health habits, reproductive factors, and hormones, with a history of hot flashes and hot flashes experienced in the last 30 days
| History of hot flashes |
Current hot flashes (Hot flashes in last 30 days) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Covariate-adjusteda OR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Covariate-adjusteda OR (95% CI) | |
| Age, years | ||||
| 45 to 49 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 50 to 54 | 2.74 (2.00, 3.75) | 1.75 (1.22, 2.52) | 3.28 (2.33, 4.62) | 1.95 (1.30, 2.94) |
| Education | ||||
| Some college or tech school or less | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Graduated college or more | 0.61 (0.45, 0.83) | 0.77 (0.54, 1.12) | 0.56 (0.40, 0.79) | 0.83 (0.54, 1.25) |
| Race | ||||
| White | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Black | 1.37 (0.98, 1.91) | 1.15 (0.76, 1.74) | 1.58 (1.10, 2.27) | 1.02 (0.64, 1.64) |
| Other | 1.03 (0.47, 2.24) | 1.10 (0.47, 2.58) | 1.23 (0.54, 2.82) | 1.44 (0.57, 3.62) |
| Employed | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| No | 0.89 (0.62, 1.29) | 1.18 (0.77, 1.81) | 0.75 (0.50, 1.11) | 1.02 (0.64, 1.63) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
| <25 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 25 to <30 | 0.89 (0.61, 1.29) | 0.64 (0.42, 0.98) | 1.16 (0.77, 1.76) | 0.76 (0.48, 1.27) |
| ≥30 | 1.16 (0.82, 1.66) | 0.75 (0.49, 1.14) | 1.47 (0.99, 2.19) | 0.96 (0.59, 1.56) |
| Cigarette smoking | ||||
| Never | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Former | 1.58 (1.14, 2.19) | 1.77 (1.23, 2.53) | 1.76 (1.22, 2.53) | 2.03 (1.35, 3.07) |
| Current | 2.61 (1.55, 4.40) | 2.68 (1.49, 4.84) | 3.42 (1.96, 5.98) | 3.80 (1.99, 7.26) |
| Alcohol use in past year | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes, 1 drink or less per day | 0.73 (0.50, 1.08) | 0.79 (0.51, 1.22) | 0.55 (0.36, 0.85) | 0.58 (0.35, 0.96) |
| Yes, more than 1 drink per day | 0.75 (0.53, 1.07) | 0.65 (0.43, 0.98) | 0.70 (0.48, 1.03) | 0.58 (0.37, 0.92) |
| Leisure time activity compared to others of own age | ||||
| As much | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| More | 0.91 (0.63, 1.33) | 0.97 (0.64, 1.48) | 0.89 (0.59, 1.35) | 0.98 (0.61, 1.59) |
| Less | 1.13 (0.78, 1.64) | 1.02 (0.68, 1.55) | 1.11 (0.73, 1.68) | 1.02 (0.64, 1.64) |
| Age at menarche | ||||
| <10 years | 1.64 (0.87, 3.09) | 1.22 (0.59, 2.51) | 1.86 (0.94, 3.66) | 1.28 (0.58, 2.82) |
| 11 or 12 years | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 13 or 14 years | 1.16 (0.83, 1.62) | 1.07 (0.74, 1.56) | 1.10 (0.75, 1.59) | 0.95 (0.61, 1.47) |
| ≥15 | 0.89 (0.54, 1.45) | 0.83 (0.48, 1.43) | 0.93 (0.55, 1.60) | 0.90 (0.48, 1.70) |
| Menopausal status | ||||
| Premenopausal | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Perimenopausal | 5.52 (3.86, 7.88) | 5.34 (3.69, 7.73) | 6.96 (4.72, 10.28) | 6.69 (4.44, 10.08) |
| History of oral contraceptive use | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 1.55 (1.01, 2.38) | 1.89 (1.16, 3.08) | 1.31 (0.82, 2.09) | 1.62 (0.95, 2.79) |
| Ever been pregnant | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 1.30 (0.79, 2.14) | 1.25 (0.72, 2.17) | 1.25 (0.72, 2.18) | 1.14 (0.61, 2.13) |
| Number of pregnancies | ||||
| Never been pregnant | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 1 or 2 | 1.19 (0.69, 2.03) | 1.22 (0.67, 2.22) | 1.13 (0.62, 2.07) | 1.10 (0.56, 2.18) |
| 3 or 4 | 1.38 (0.82, 2.34) | 1.35 (0.75, 2.43) | 1.30 (0.72, 2.34) | 1.24 (0.64, 2.42) |
| ≥5 | 1.35 (0.75, 2.43) | 1.07 (0.55, 2.07) | 1.39 (0.72, 2.66) | 0.97 (0.46, 2.07) |
| Age at first birth | ||||
| No live births | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| ≤20 years | 1.56 (0.91, 2.70) | 1.14 (0.60, 2.19) | 1.71 (0.94, 3.12) | 1.04 (0.50, 2.19) |
| 21 to 25 years | 1.20 (0.75, 1.91) | 1.26 (0.74, 2.13) | 1.27 (0.75, 2.14) | 1.22 (0.67, 2.22) |
| 26 to 30 years | 1.24 (0.78, 1.97) | 1.33 (0.80, 2.22) | 1.23 (0.73, 2.06) | 1.35 (0.75, 2.43) |
| ≥30 years | 1.03 (0.66, 1.62) | 1.23 (0.74, 2.02) | 0.99 (0.59, 1.64) | 1.20 (0.68, 2.13) |
| Depressive symptoms | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 2.03 (1.38, 2.97) | 1.62 (1.06, 2.48) | 2.34 (1.55, 3.53) | 1.84 (1.15, 2.95) |
| Diabetes medication | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 2.08 (0.97, 4.46) | 1.62 (0.69, 3.81) | 2.68 (1.20, 5.99) | 1.85 (0.74, 4.60) |
| Anti-hypertensive medication | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 1.52 (1.00, 2.32) | 1.39 (0.85, 2.27) | 1.80 (1.14, 2.84) | 1.55 (0.90, 2.67) |
| Depression medication | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 1.27 (0.79, 2.02) | 1.10 (0.65, 1.87) | 1.24 (0.74, 2.09) | 1.03 (0.57, 1.89) |
| Estradiol, pg/mL (continuous) | 0.44 (0.34, 0.57) | 0.63 (0.48, 0.83) | 0.39 (0.29, 0.51) | 0.59 (0.43, 0.81) |
| Testosterone, ng/mL (continuous) | 0.88 (0.70, 1.11) | 0.89 (0.69, 1.15) | 0.92 (0.71, 1.18) | 1.00 (0.75, 1.33) |
| Progesterone, ng/mL (continuous) | 0.64 (0.56, 0.72) | 0.79 (0.68, 0.92) | 0.59 (0.52, 0.68) | 0.77 (0.65, 0.91) |
| Ovarian volume, cm3 (continuous) | 0.72 (0.56, 0.93) | 0.92 (0.70, 1.22) | 0.69 (0.52, 0.91) | 0.88 (0.64, 1.20) |
95% CI = 95% confidence interval; OR = odds ratio
a
covariates included in all multivariable models are: participant age, race, education, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, and menopausal status