Table 2.
Results of the Univariate Analysis of Medications as Risk Factors for Falls
| Medication | Cases n = 226 (%) |
Controls n = 678 (%) |
OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular Agents | 168 (74.3) | 540 (79.6) | 0.74 (0.52 – 1.05) |
| ACE inhibitors | 46 (20.4) | 143 (21.1) | 0.96 (0.66 – 1.39) |
| Angiotensin II inhibitors | 10 (4.4) | 34 (5.0) | 0.88 (0.43 – 1.8) |
| Antiadrenergic agents, centrally acting | 17 (7.5) | 28 (4.1) | 1.89 (1.01 – 3.52) |
| Antiadrenergic agents, peripherally acting | 13 (5.8) | 30 (4.4) | 1.32 (0.68 – 2.57) |
| Antianginal agents | 32 (14.2) | 92 (13.6) | 1.05 (0.68 – 1.62) |
| Antiarrhythmics | 45 (19.9) | 200 (29.5) | 0.59 (0.41 – 0.86) |
| Beta blockers | 114 (50.4) | 324 (47.8) | 1.11 (0.82 – 1.50) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 36 (15.9) | 141 (20.8) | 0.72 (0.48 – 1.08) |
| Diuretics | 83 (36.7) | 224 (33.0) | 1.18 (0.86 – 1.61) |
| Loop diuretics | 71 (31.4) | 180 (26.5) | 1.27 (0.91 – 1.76) |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics | 7 (3.1) | 42 (6.2) | 0.48 (0.21 – 1.09) |
| Thiazide diuretics | 19 (8.4) | 42 (6.2) | 1.39 (0.79 – 2.44) |
| Inotropic agents | 19 (8.4) | 70 (10.3) | 0.80 (0.47 – 1.36) |
| Vasodilators | 48 (21.2) | 143 (21.1) | 1.01 (0.70 – 1.46) |
| Vasopressors | 34 (15.0) | 164 (24.2) | 0.56 (0.37 – 0.83) |
| Central Nervous System Agents | 222 (98.2) | 664 (97.9) | 1.17 (0.38 – 3.59) |
| Analgesics | 216 (95.6) | 644 (95.0) | 1.14 (0.55 – 2.35) |
| Narcotics | 131 (58.0) | 425 (62.7) | 0.82 (0.60 – 1.12) |
| Narcotic combinations | 81 (35.8) | 304 (44.8) | 0.69 (0.50 – 0.94) |
| NSAIDs | 18 (8.0) | 85 (12.5) | 0.60 (0.35 – 1.03) |
| Salicylates | 83 (36.7) | 219 (32.3) | 1.22 (0.89 – 1.67) |
| Anticonvulsants | 126 (55.8) | 270 (39.8) | 1.90 (1.41 – 2.58) |
| Benzodiazepines | 76 (33.6) | 109 (16.1) | 2.65 (1.88 – 3.73) |
| Hydantoins | 17 (7.5) | 11 (1.6) | 4.93 (2.27 – 10.70) |
| Othera | 51 (22.6) | 129 (19.0) | 1.24 (0.86 – 1.79) |
| Antiemetic/antivertigo agents | 146 (64.6) | 489 (72.1) | 0.71 (0.51 – 0.97) |
| 5HT3 receptor antagonists | 95 (42.0) | 368 (54.3) | 0.61 (0.45 – 0.83) |
| Anticholinergics | 47 (20.8) | 198 (29.2) | 0.64 (0.44 – 0.91) |
| Phenothiazines | 45 (19.9) | 139 (20.5) | 0.96 (0.66 – 1.40) |
| Otherb | 34 (15.0) | 98 (14.5) | 1.05 (0.69 – 1.60) |
| Antiparkinson agents | 56 (24.8) | 207 (30.5) | 0.75 (0.53 – 1.06) |
| Anticholinergics | 48 (21.2) | 193 (28.5) | 0.68 (0.47 – 0.97) |
| Dopaminergics | 9 (4.0) | 18 (2.7) | 1.52 (0.67 – 3.44) |
| Anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics | 145 (64.2) | 433 (63.9) | 1.01 (0.74 – 1.39) |
| Benzodiazepines | 115 (50.9) | 305 (45.0) | 1.27 (0.94 – 1.71) |
| Otherc | 76 (33.6) | 281 (41.4) | 0.72 (0.52 – 0.98) |
| General anesthetics | 39 (17.3) | 190 (28.0) | 0.54 (0.37 – 0.79) |
| Muscle relaxants | 28 (12.4) | 168 (24.8) | 0.43 (0.28 – 0.66) |
| Coagulation Modifiers | 180 (79.6) | 551 (81.3) | 0.90 (0.92 – 1.32) |
| Anticoagulants | 164 (72.6) | 503 (74.2) | 0.92 (0.66 – 1.29) |
| Antiplatelet agents | 87 (38.5) | 233 (34.4) | 1.20 (0.88 – 1.63) |
| Thrombolytics | 10 (4.4) | 24 (3.5) | 1.26 (0.59 – 2.68) |
| Gastrointestinal Agents | 203 (89.8) | 625 (92.2) | 0.75 (0.45 – 1.25) |
| Antacids | 71 (31.4) | 271 (40.0) | 0.69 (0.50 – 0.95) |
| Anticholinergics/antispasmodics | 10 (4.4) | 47 (6.9) | 0.62 (0.31 – 1.25) |
| Antidiarrheals | 10 (4.4) | 13 (1.9) | 2.37 (1.02 – 5.48) |
| GI stimulants | 33 (14.6) | 87 (12.8) | 1.16 (0.75 – 1.79) |
| H2 antagonists | 46 (20.4) | 124 (18.3) | 1.14 (0.78 – 1.67) |
| Laxatives | 159 (70.4) | 501 (73.9) | 0.84 (0.60 – 1.17) |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 105 (46.5) | 363 (53.5) | 0.75 (0.56 – 1.02) |
| Hormones | 110 (48.7) | 300 (44.2) | 1.20 (0.88 – 1.62) |
| Adrenal cortical steroids | 45 (19.9) | 145 (21.4) | 0.91 (0.63 – 1.33) |
| Sex hormones | 8 (3.5) | 20 (2.9) | 1.21 (0.52 – 2.78) |
| Otherd | 40 (17.7) | 92 (13.6) | 1.37 (0.91 – 2.06) |
| Antidiabetic Agents | 85 (37.6) | 217 (32.0) | 1.28 (0.94 – 1.75) |
| Insulin | 82 (36.3) | 203 (29.9) | 1.33 (0.97 – 1.83) |
| Sulfonylureas | 7 (3.1) | 17 (2.5) | 1.24 (0.51 – 3.04) |
| Psychotherapeutic Agents | 111 (49.1) | 265 (39.1) | 1.50 (1.11 – 2.04) |
| Antidepressants | 73 (32.3) | 175 (25.8) | 1.37 (0.98 – 1.90) |
| Phenylpiperazines | 10 (4.4) | 14 (2.1) | 2.20 (0.96 – 5.02) |
| SSNRIs | 13 (5.8) | 32 (4.7) | 1.23 (0.64 – 2.39) |
| SSRIs | 40 (17.7) | 103 (15.2) | 1.20 (0.80 – 1.79) |
| Tetracyclics | 7 (3.1) | 17 (2.5) | 1.24 (0.51 – 3.04) |
| Tricyclics | 18 (8.0) | 29 (4.3) | 1.94 (1.05 – 3.56) |
| Antipsychotics | 64 (28.3) | 141 (20.8) | 1.51 (1.07 – 2.12) |
| Haloperidol | 14 (6.2) | 14 (2.1) | 3.13 (1.47 – 6.68) |
| Phenothiazines | 37 (16.4) | 104 (15.3) | 1.08 (0.82 – 1.63) |
| Respiratory Agents | 127 (56.2) | 466 (68.7) | 0.58 (0.43 – 0.80) |
| Antihistamines | 59 (26.1) | 240 (35.4) | 0.65 (0.46 – 0.90) |
| Bronchodilators | 66 (29.2) | 199 (29.4) | 0.99 (0.71 – 1.38) |
| Decongestants | 23 (10.2) | 122 (18.0) | 0.52 (0.32 – 0.83) |
| Respiratory inhalants | 13 (5.8) | 43 (6.3) | 0.90 (0.48 – 1.71) |
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval
a
Includes magnesium sulfate, gabapentin, levetiracetam, divalproex, pregabalin, topiramate, acetazolamide, lamotrigine, primidone, and valproic acid.
b
Includes metoclopramide, lorazepam and dronabinol.
c
Includes diphenhydramine, zolpidem, hydroxyzine, dexmedetomidine, ramelteon, buspirone, eszopiclone, doxepin and zaleplon.
d
Includes glucagon, desmopressin, vasopressin, octreotide, calcitonin and raloxifene.