Table 2.
1–4 Medications | ≥5 Medications | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
Age (y) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | .017 | 1.10 (1.05, 1.15) | .001 |
Sex: female | 1.14 (0.76, 1.73) | .499 | 1.02 (0.57, 1.84) | .942 |
Race*,† | ||||
Non-Hispanic black | 1.12 (0.53, 2.36) | .749 | 1.14 (0.57, 2.29) | .691 |
Other | 1.25 (0.75, 2.06) | .366 | 2.00 (1.15, 3.48) | .017 |
Income-poverty ratio | 1.12 (0.96, 1.31) | .144 | 1.21 (1.00, 1.46) | .052 |
Smoking status*,‡ | ||||
Former | 1.45 (0.87, 2.43) | .144 | 2.17 (1.23, 3.81) | .011 |
Current | 0.89 (0.43, 1.83) | .730 | 1.05 (0.43, 2.53) | .911 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) | .121 | 1.10 (1.03, 1.18) | .010 |
Usual health care source(s) | 2.74 (0.74, 10.22) | .123 | 4.87 (0.74, 32.12) | .094 |
No. of health care visits, past year*,§ | ||||
4–9 | 1.42 (1.03, 1.96) | .034 | 2.50 (1.64, 3.83) | <.001 |
≥10 | 6.92 (1.82, 26.38) | .007 | 17.69 (4.45, 70.26) | <.001 |
No. of chronic diseases | 1.96 (1.40, 2.74) | .001 | 3.66 (2.56, 5.23) | <.001 |
Notes: Backward model selection was conducted, forcing in age, sex, and race. Other variables considered for inclusion were marital status, education, income-poverty ratio, smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, sedentary activity, usual health care source(s), private health insurance coverage, no. of chronic conditions, no. of health care visits in the past year, functional limitation, limitation in activities of daily living, and confusion/memory problems. The threshold for inclusion was p ≤ .10. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
*Wald test for significance of race, p = .033; smoking, p = .146; and no. of health care visits, p = .001.
†Reference = Non-Hispanic white.
‡Reference = never.
§Reference = 0–3.