Table 2.
Characteristics of patients and healthy controls (N = 159)
| Healthy controls (N = 69) | Bipolar disorder (N = 90) | p a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Euthymic (N = 82) | Mood episode (N = 8) | |||
| Female, n (%) | 39 (56.5) | 41 (50.0) | 5 (62.5) | .63 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 44.7 (16.1) | 43.1 (12.1) | 41.8 (12.7) | .72 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 23.9 (3.2) | 25.7 (4.2) | 26.89 (4.2) | .005 |
| IDS score, mean (SD) | 4.8 (3.4) | 8.7 (8.0) | 42.1 (14.1) | <.001 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| YMRS score, mean (SD) | – | 1.3 (1.2) | 4.7 (6.4) | .001 |
| Bipolar I disorder, n (%) | – | 53 (64.4) | 5 (62.5) | .90 |
| Bipolar II disorder, n (%) | – | 29 (35.4) | 3 (37.5) | |
| Age of onset, mean (SD) | – | 23.3 (9.6) | 21.8 (9.1) | .68 |
| Lifetime psychotic features, n (%) | 26 (31.7) | 2 (25.0) | .70 | |
| Psychotropic medication | – | |||
| Melatonin | – | 1 (1.2) | 2 (25.0) | .02 |
| SSRI | – | 4 (4.9) | 1 (12.5) | .38 |
| Antipsychotics | – | 14 (17.1) | 1 (12.5) | .74 |
| Lithium | – | 62 (75.6) | 2 (25.0) | .003 |
| Benzodiazepines | – | 11 (13.4) | 2 (25.0) | .37 |
| Antiepileptics | – | 22 (26.8) | 2 (25.0) | .91 |
Differences (italics values) were considered significant if p < .05
SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, IDS Inventory of Depressive Symptoms, YMRS Young Mania Rating Scale, SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
aBased on χ 2 tests and Fisher’s exact tests for dichotomous and categorical variables, ANOVA tests when comparing age and BMI, and t tests when comparing continuous variables between euthymic and mood episode BD patients