Table 2.
Collaborations between Arab countries and foreign countries in solid waste publications
| Collaborating countriesa | No. of documents (%) |
|---|---|
| Arab–Europe | 86 (22.5)b |
| France | 27 (7.1) |
| Italy | 18 (4.7) |
| England | 17 (4.5) |
| Spain | 11 (2.9) |
| Belgium | 8 (2.1) |
| Germany | 3 (0.8) |
| Austria | 1 (0.3) |
| Denmark | 1 (0.3) |
| Netherlands | 1 (0.3) |
| North Ireland | 1 (0.3) |
| Romania | 1 (0.3) |
| Wales | 1 (0.3) |
| Arab–Americas | 36 (9.4)b |
| USA | 26 (6.8) |
| Canada | 10 (2.6) |
| Arab–Other Middle East, Africa | 4 (1.1)b |
| Iran | 1 (0.3) |
| Israel | 1 (0.3) |
| Benin | 1 (0.3) |
| Turkey | 1 (0.3) |
| Arab–Southeast Asia | 10 (2.6)b |
| Malaysia | 10 (2.6) |
| Arab–Asia-Pacific | 10 (2.6)b |
| India | 3 (0.8) |
| Japan | 3 (0.8) |
| Peoples Republic of China | 2 (0.5) |
| South Korea | 2 (0.5) |
| Australia | 1 (0.3) |
| Pakistan | 1 (0.3) |
| Arab–Arab | 15 (3.9) |
aThe study identified 139 (36.4 %) documents with 25 countries in Arab–foreign country collaborations
bTotal exceeds 36.4 % as data are overlapping due to multi-country collaboration