Table 1.
Demographic features of study participants
| % or mean ± SD | All (N = 577) | Women (N = 353) | Men (N = 224) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Follow-up duration (y) | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | |||
| Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | |
| Age (y) | 54.5 ± 9.2 | 58.7 ± 9.2 | 54.0 ± 9.2 | 58.2 ± 9.2 | 55.2 ± 9.3 | 59.4 ± 9.3 |
| Hypertension (%) | 29.5 | 39.7 | 28.9 | 38.0 | 30.4 | 42.4 |
| Diabetes (%) | 8.5 | 13.0 | 4.9 | 9.6 | 14.3 ** | 18.3 ** |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 21.7 | 40.6 | 20.9 | 40.5 | 23.3 | 40.6 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) (%) | 31.0 | 41.6 | 27.6 | 34.6 | 46.0 ** | 54.8 ** |
| Ex- and current smoker (%) | 16.3 | 19.6 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 40.2 ** | 44.2 ** |
| MAP (mmHg) | 88.8 ± 10.3 | 85.2 ± 9.6 | 88.2 ± 10.7 | 83.9 ± 9.6 | 89.6 ± 9.6 | 87.3 ± 9.2 ** |
| FBS (mg/dL) | 103.7 ± 23.2 | 99.5 ± 22.0 | 101.2 ± 20.4 | 98.0 ± 23.5 | 107.7 ± 26.6 ** | 101.7 ± 19.2 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 200.5 ± 37.4 | 206.3 ± 36.0 | 203.8 ± 35.8 | 209.3 ± 35.3 | 195.2 ± 39.3 * | 201.7 ± 36.7 * |
| TG (mg/dL) | 120.8 ± 72.1 | 120.1 ± 71.6 | 112.6 ± 66.5 | 114.2 ± 70.0 | 133.63 ± 78.76 ** | 129.5 ± 73.4 * |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 56.4 ± 15.0 | 57.6 ± 14.5 | 60.7 ± 15.7 | 61.9 ± 14.7 | 49.6 ± 10.9 ** | 50.8 ± 11.2 ** |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 3.2 | 24.7 ± 3.4 | 23.7 ± 3.1 | 24.0 ± 3.3 | 25.3 ± 3.1 ** | 25.7 ± 3.3 ** |
| Arterial stiffness | ||||||
| PWV (m/s) | 6.1 ± 1.1 | 6.9 ± 1.2 | 6.0 ± 1.1 | 6.7 ± 1.1 | 6.3 ± 1.2 ** | 7.2 ± 1.3 ** |
| EP (kPa) | 104.7 ± 43.3 | 135.8 ± 53.3 | 100.8 ± 41.1 | 130.2 ± 48.6 | 110.9 ± 46.1 ** | 144.7 ± 59.0 ** |
| β | 8.0 ± 2.9 | 10.9 ± 3.8 | 7.7 ± 2.6 | 10.6 ± 3.5 | 8.4 ± 3.2 ** | 11.4 ± 4.2 * |
| Progression rate of arterial stiffness | ||||||
| ΔPWV/yr (m/s/yr) | 0.19 ± 0.20 | 0.18 ± 0.20 | 0.20 ± 0.20 | |||
| ΔEP/yr (kPa/yr) | 7.44 ± 8.43 | 6.98 ± 8.26 | 8.17 ± 8.65 | |||
| Δβ/yr | 0.68 ± 0.59 | 0.67 ± 0.56 | 0.70 ± 0.64 | |||
BMI body mass index, FBS fasting blood sugar, MAP mean arterial pressure, TG triglyceride, TC total cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
*P <0.05, **P < 0.01, in comparison between men and women using Student’s t test or Chi-squared test