Table 2. Predictions about language use by liberals and conservatives.

The “+” and “-” represent the direction of the expected relationship.

Prediction Category	Measurement Category (with example words)	Prediction
Uniqueness	1st person singular pronouns (I, me, mine)	+DEM,-GOP due to higher perception [15] and expression [37,38] of uniqueness in liberals
Group identity	1st person plural pronouns (we, our, us)	-DEM, +GOP due to conservatives’ perception of high in-group similarity [15] and consensus [16], and emphasis on in-group loyalty and conformity [10,13]
Impoliteness	Swear words dictionary (damn, piss, fuck)	+DEM,-GOP due to reported politeness of conservatives [6]
Positive sentiment	Positive emotion dictionary (love, nice, sweet)	+DEM,-GOP due to the finding that liberals express more happiness than conservatives [33], even though the reported happiness of liberals is lower [23,24]
Negative sentiment	Negative emotion dictionary (hurt, ugly, nasty)	-DEM, +GOP, due to more frequent negative sentiment expressed in the language of conservatives [33]
Anxiety	Anxiety dictionary (worried, fearful, nervous)	+DEM,-GOP due to reported higher neuroticism of liberals [44]
Feeling	Feeling dictionary (feels, touch)	+DEM,-GOP due to reported higher compassion and emotionality of liberals [6,45]
Uncertainty	Tentative dictionary (maybe, perhaps, guess)	?DEM,? GOP, there is an established relationship between conservative orientation and ambiguity avoidance but it is difficult to predict how it would affect language use [7]
Certainty	Certainty dictionary (always, never)	?DEM,? GOP, as above
Achievement	Achievement dictionary (earn, hero, win)	-DEM, +GOP due to reported higher emphasis on achievement in conservatives [13]
Religion	Religion dictionary (altar, church, mosque)	-DEM, +GOP due to known higher religiosity of conservatives [46]
Death	Death dictionary (bury, coffin, kill)	?DEM,? GOP, conservatives report greater death anxiety but it is unclear whether this would lead to more frequent death-related discussions [7]