Figure 5.

The mean size of adaptive substitutions from standing genetic variation, measured in units of mutational standard deviations (${\sigma }_{\mathrm{m}}$) as a function of the rate of environmental change ν (A, C, and E) and for various ν as a function of the population-wide mutation rate Θ (B), the width of the fitness landscape ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{s}}^2$ (D), and the population size N (F). Lines show the analytical prediction (the mean of the distribution, Equation 19), and symbols give results from individual-based simulations. Error bars for standard errors are contained within the symbols. For $\nu =0.1$, no simulation results are shown, as these constitute a degenerate case (for details see The accuracy of the approximation). Fixed parameter: ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{m}}^2=\mathrm{0.05.}$