Table 1.
Studies on imaging genetics in adult ADHD
| Authors | Participants | Paradigm | Gene variant | Imaging | Imaging genetics results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baehne et al. [21] | 124 patients | Go/NoGo task (CPT) | TPH2 (G-allele polymorphism in rs4570625, T-allele polymorphism in rs11178997) | EEG (NGA) | Reduced NGA in risk allele carriers in ADHD and healthy controls |
| 84 controls | |||||
| Dresler et al. [24] | 161 patients | Go/NoGo task (CPT) | SLC6A3 (3′ UTR VNTR) | EEG (NGA) | Reduced NGA in 9-repeat allele carriers in the patients, no influence in healthy controls |
| 109 controls | |||||
| Fallgatter et al. [29] | 216 patients | Go/NoGo task (CPT) | LPHN3 | EEG (NGA) | Reduced NGA in the LPHN3 high risk group |
| Heinzel et al. [25] | 181 patients | Go/NoGo task (CPT) | COMT (Val158Met), DRD4 (exon 3 VNTR) | EEG (NGA) | Significant DRD4 × COMT interaction on NGA (DRD4 no7R: inverted u-shape with increasing COMT-dependent DA levels, DRD4 7R: u-shape), no gene main effects, no interaction with group |
| 114 controls | |||||
| Brown et al. [23] | 52 patients | Working memory (n-back) | SLC6A3 (3′ UTR VNTR) | fMRI | Marginal reduced left mePFC signal in 9-repeat allele carriers in patients and controls, marginal genotype-by-diagnosis interaction in the SMA/dACC (increased activation in 10-repeat allele homozygous patients vs. controls) |
| 38 controls | |||||
| Brown et al. [30] | 42 patients | Multi-source interference task | SLC6A3 (3′ UTR VNTR) | fMRI | Hypoactivation in 9-repeat allele homozygous patients in the left dACC |
| Hoogman et al. [32] | 63 patients | Delay discounting task | NOS1 exon 1f-VNTR | fMRI | SS-allele carriers demonstrate higher ventral striatum activity in patients |
| 41 controls | |||||
| Hoogman et al. [34] | 87 patients | Delay discounting task | SLC6A3 (3′UTR VNTR/intron 8 VNTR haplotype) | fMRI | No significant effects of DAT1 haplotype on striatal activity |
| 77 controls |
CPT, continuous performance test; DA, dopamine; dACC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; EEG, electroencephalography; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; mePFC, medial prefrontal cortex; NGA, NoGo-anteriorisation; SMA, supplementary motor area; UTR, untranslated region; VNTR, variable number of tandem repeats.