Table 2.

Summary of maternal and neonatal outcomes. F, Fluid warming; A, Forced air warming; C, combined results; N, number of studies analysed; MD, mean difference; RR, risk ratio; n/a, not applicable; *statistically significant (P<0.05)

Outcome	Fluid/Air/Combined	N	MD/RR	Value [95% CI]	P-value	Heterogeneity (I2)
End of surgery temperature	F	6	MD	0.46 [0.28, 0.64]	<0.00001*	88
	A	4		0.39 [−0.06, 0.84]	0.09	90
	C	10		0.43 [0.27, 0.59]	<0.00001*	88
Shivering	F	8	RR	0.60 [0.42, 0.85]	0.004*	40
	A	5		0.50 [0.25, 1.00]	0.05	30
	C	12		0.58 [0.43, 0.79]	0.0004*	32
Thermal comfort	F	0
	A	4	SMD	0.90 [0.36, 1.45]	0.001*	54
	C
Hypothermia	F	3	RR	0.68 [0.55, 0.86]	0.001*	23
	A	2		0.35 [0.03, 3.56]	0.37	81
	C	5		0.66 [0.50, 0.87]	0.003*	41
Vomiting	F	1	RR
	A	1
	C	2		1.57 [0.20, 12.14]	0.67	0
Hypotension	F	4	RR	1.06 [0.79, 1.44]	0.69	0
	A	0
	C
Vasopressor use	F	3	MD	4.44 [−2.62, 11.50]	0.22	0
	A	0
	C
Neonatal temperature at delivery	F	2	MD	0.06 [−0.12, 0.25]	0.49	52
	A	3		0.19 [−0.24, 0.62]	0.39	92
	C	5		0.11 [−0.09, 0.31]	0.27	84
Umbilical artery pH	F	2	MD	0.02 [−0.01, 0.05]	0.11	60
	A	1		0.04 [−0.17, 0.25]	0.7	n/a
	C	3		0.02 [0.00, 0.05]	0.04*	20
Umbilical vein pH	F	2	MD	0.00 [−0.04, 0.04]	0.87	73
	A	4		0.02 [−0.04, 0.07]	0.57	86
	C	5		0.01 [−0.02, 0.04]	0.57	79
Apgar 1 min	F	2	MD	−0.11 [−0.80, 0.59]	0.76	0
	A	3		−0.25 [−0.59, 0.10]	0.17	0
	C	4		−0.22 [−0.53, 0.09]	0.17	0
Apgar 5 min	F	0
	A	2	MD	−0.03 [−0.13, 0.07]	0.54	0
	C
Apgar <7 at 1/5 min	F	2	RR	0.35 [0.01, 8.38]	0.51	n/a
	A	1		0.33 [0.01, 7.58]	0.49	n/a
	C	3		0.34 [0.04, 3.16]	0.34	0