Fig. 9.

Disruption of Bmp signaling during autopod development. Dorsomorphin (LDN193189) at 15 μM was used to disrupt Bmp signaling during whole embryo in vitro culture for 4 days. In the ‘younger’ group of embryos (a-b) collected prior to distal flattening of the digital plate, treatment led to impaired cleft formation. Asterisks highlight reductions in cleft formation relative to controls. b Older embryos collected during the onset of clefting (c-d) had no effect from the LDN193189 treatment over a 4 day growth period (d)