Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics in patients with and without retinopathy
| Parameters | No retinopathy | Retinopathy | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 91 | N = 43 | ||
| Demographic information | |||
| Age (year) | 59.7 ± 9.4 | 60.8 ± 9.1 | 0.52 |
| Male, n (%) | 50 (55 %) | 15 (35 %) | 0.03 |
| Disease duration (years) | 13.6 ± 7.4 | 17.9 ± 7.5 | <0.01 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 65 (71 %) | 36 (88 %) | 0.04 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 45 (50 %) | 25 (60 %) | 0.31 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 21 (24 %) | 6 (15 %) | 0.27 |
| Body mass index (kg m−2) | 26.8 ± 5.3 | 26.2 ± 4.0 | 0.54 |
| Blood biochemistry | |||
| Triglyceride (mmol L−1) | 4.1 ± 1.1 | 4.2 ± 1.0 | 0.59 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol L−1) | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 0.78 |
| High-density lipoprotein (mmol L−1) | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.31 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (mmol L−1) | 2.4 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 0.57 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 88.7 ± 21.6 | 113.9 ± 202.1 | 0.25 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.5 ± 1.3 | 8.0 ± 1.4 | 0.06 |
| Medication, n (%) | |||
| Insulin | 38 (44 %) | 29 (69 %) | <0.01 |
| Diuretics | 7 (8 %) | 4 (10 %) | 0.76 |
| ACEI/ARB | 50 (56.8 %) | 23 (54.8 %) | 0.83 |
ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate