Table 1.
Baseline Risk and Protective factors by Asian American (AA) Subgroup, Mean (SD) or N (%)
| Chinese (n = 109) |
Filipino (n = 149) |
Indian (n = 45) |
Japanese (n = 217) |
Korean (n = 189) |
Vietnamese (n = 55) |
Mixed heritage Asian (n = 137) |
Total AAs (n = 901) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male, N (%) | 52 (47.71) | 77 (51.68) | 21 (46.67) | 111 (51.39) | 101 (53.44) | 27 (49.09) | 61 (44.53) | 450 (50.06) | .768 |
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 11.40 (0.64) | 11.52 (0.63) | 11.27 (0.69) | 11.50 (0.62) | 11.44 (0.72) | 11.45 (0.60) | 11.42 (0.64) | 11.45 (0.65) | .320 |
| Negative expectancies, mean (SD) | |||||||||
| Alcohol | 3.40 (0.84) | 3.04 (1.02) | 3.26 (0.91) | 3.13 (1.04) | 3.11 (1.03) | 3.18 (0.91) | 3.18 (0.97) | 3.16 (0.99) | .144 |
| Cigarettes | 3.54 (0.80) | 3.22 (1.09) | 3.44 (0.94) | 3.16 (1.06) | 3.25 (1.06) | 2.96 (1.17) | 3.44 (0.91) | 3.28 (1.03) | .003 |
| Marijuana | 3.51 (0.87) | 3.17 (1.06) | 3.31 (1.02) | 3.11 (1.16) | 3.17 (1.09) | 3.28 (1.03) | 3.40 (0.92) | 3.25 (1.05) | .018 |
| Positive expectancies, mean (SD) | |||||||||
| Alcohol | 1.20 (0.49) | 1.29 (0.59) | 1.33 (0.67) | 1.34 (0.65) | 1.32 (0.64) | 1.28 (0.59) | 1.28 (0.58) | 1.30 (0.60) | .634 |
| Cigarettes | 1.23 (0.40) | 1.30 (0.52) | 1.35 (0.64) | 1.29 (0.55) | 1.31 (0.58) | 1.39 (0.64) | 1.27 (0.47) | 1.29 (0.54) | .657 |
| Marijuana | 1.12 (0.36) | 1.23 (0.53) | 1.29 (0.69) | 1.24 (0.55) | 1.18 (0.49) | 1.29 (0.71) | 1.23 (0.50) | 1.21 (0.53) | .322 |
| Resistance self-efficacy, mean (SD) | |||||||||
| Alcohol | 3.88 (0.38) | 3.78 (0.52) | 3.78 (0.67) | 3.86 (0.39) | 3.86 (0.40) | 3.70 (0.67) | 3.88 (0.35) | 3.84 (0.45) | .068 |
| Cigarettes | 3.94 (0.30) | 3.84 (0.56) | 3.95 (0.31) | 3.91 (0.36) | 3.93 (0.33) | 3.84 (0.60) | 3.93 (0.36) | 3.91 (0.40) | .261 |
| Marijuana | 3.98 (0.14) | 3.86 (0.57) | 3.94 (0.30) | 3.92 (0.40) | 3.89 (0.44) | 3.85 (0.59) | 3.88 (0.49) | 3.90 (0.45) | .400 |
| Intentions to use, mean (SD) | |||||||||
| Alcohol | 1.17 (0.55) | 1.34 (0.85) | 1.20 (0.76) | 1.25 (0.74) | 1.36 (0.90) | 1.53 (1.02) | 1.29 (0.76) | 1.30 (0.80) | .111 |
| Cigarettes | 1.23 (0.76) | 1.16 (0.66) | 1.07 (0.46) | 1.21 (0.76) | 1.18 (0.70) | 1.30 (0.89) | 1.38 (0.96) | 1.22 (0.76) | .150 |
| Marijuana | 1.31 (0.91) | 1.26 (0.79) | 1.07 (0.46) | 1.32 (0.92) | 1.35 (0.96) | 1.22 (0.79) | 1.27 (0.84) | 1.29 (0.87) | .598 |
| Closest adult uses, N (%) | |||||||||
| Alcohol | 32 (32.65) | 47 (36.15) | 6 (15.38) | 90 (46.63) | 81 (46.02) | 45 (36.29) | 24 (50.00) | 325 (40.22) | .001 |
| Cigarettes | 12 (12.12) | 26 (19.70) | 1 (2.56) | 33 (17.01) | 42 (23.73) | 26 (20.80) | 15 (31.25) | 155 (19.04) | .006 |
| Marijuana | 1 (1.02) | 4 (3.03) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.54) | 4 (2.26) | 1 (0.81) | 1 (2.08) | 14 (1.73) | .776 |
| Older sibling uses, N (%) | |||||||||
| Alcohol | 4 (7.02) | 13 (16.05) | 0 (0) | 7 (6.36) | 12 (11.11) | 3 (8.82) | 7 (9.33) | 46 (9.56) | .332 |
| Cigarettes | 1 (1.75) | 8 (9.76) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.82) | 5 (4.63) | 4 (11.76) | 3 (4.17) | 23 (4.80) | .077 |
| Marijuana | 1 (1.75) | 3 (3.75) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.85) | 1 (3.03) | 0 (0) | 7 (1.47) | .242 |
| Perceived peer use, mean out of 100% (SD) | |||||||||
| Alcohol | 3.07 (7.03) | 4.60 (10.50) | 4.25 (10.59) | 2.61 (7.67) | 2.85 (7.51) | 3.40 (7.06) | 2.50 (6.64) | 3.15 (8.09) | .308 |
| Cigarettes | 1.78 (5.18) | 3.14 (7.05) | 1.75 (5.49) | 1.36 (5.29) | 1.34 (4.29) | 5.28 (16.01) | 2.02 (6.17) | 2.06 (6.78) | .003 |
| Marijuana | 1.39 (4.01) | 2.65 (7.91) | 0.75 (2.67) | 1.41 (5.95) | 1.47 (6.40) | 0.96 (2.98) | 1.56 (5.81) | 1.58 (5.96) | .419 |
Notes: p value from ANOVA for continuous variables and Fishers Exact Test or Chi-squared Test for categorical variables. Denominators do not add up to total baseline subgroup sizes because of missing data on some items. Expectancies and resistance self-efficacy range from 1–4. Perceived use among peers at school ranged 0–100% such that if a student reported 20 students out of 100 used a substance, it was converted to 20%. Substance use by closest adult was coded dichotomously, never vs. “less than once/week,” or “1–3 days/week,” or 4 = “4–7 days/week.” Older sibling use was reported among students with an older sibling; those without an older sibling were coded as missing. Bolded values indicate p ≤ .05.