Table 2.
Characteristics associated with dual-goal achievement
| Covariate | Odds ratio (95% CI)a | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Age | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02) | <.001 |
| Male | 0.90 (0.73, 1.13) | .368 |
| Caucasian | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) | .855 |
| Body mass index | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | .821 |
| Index year | ||
| 2005 vs. 2004 | 0.92 (0.81, 1.05) | .203 |
| 2006 vs. 2004 | 1.08 (0.94, 1.23) | .292 |
| 2007 vs. 2004 | 1.16 (1.01, 1.33) | .033 |
| 2008 vs. 2004 | 1.19 (1.04, 1.37) | .010 |
| 2009 vs. 2004 | 1.21 (1.03, 1.42) | .021 |
| Baseline goal achievement | ||
| Dual-goal vs. non-dual-goal | 16.19 (14.92, 17.58) | <.001 |
| Diabetes-related complications | ||
| Microvascular complications | ||
| Retinopathy | 0.67 (0.55, 0.82) | .001 |
| Nephropathy | 1.04 (0.77, 1.39) | .806 |
| Neuropathy | 0.85 (0.76, 0.97) | .012 |
| Macrovascular complications | ||
| Atherosclerosis, aneurysm, or embolism | 1.25 (0.97, 1.60) | .085 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 0.93 (0.78, 1.12) | .453 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.02 (0.88, 1.19) | .784 |
| Coronary artery disease | ||
| Angina | 0.93 (0.75, 1.16) | .545 |
| Myocardial infarction | 0.77 (0.48, 1.23) | .271 |
| Other complications | ||
| Infectionb | 0.94 (0.82, 1.07) | .354 |
| Ocular problemsc | 1.09 (1.00, 1.19) | .060 |
| Ulcerationd | 1.00 (0.71, 1.39) | .982 |
| Ketoacidosis (without coma) and hyperosmolarity | 2.20 (1.18, 3.94) | .010 |
| Hypoglycemia | 1.15 (0.90, 1.46) | .254 |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Cardiovascular diseasee | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 0.84 (0.70, 0.99) | .043 |
| Valvular heart disease | 1.02 (0.76, 1.36) | .920 |
| Hypertension | 1.12 (0.94, 1.34) | .204 |
| Other cardiovascular disease | 1.08 (0.97, 1.20) | .168 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.84 (0.70, 1.00) | .051 |
| Depression | 1.05 (0.95, 1.15) | .366 |
| Renal disease | 1.05 (0.88, 1.24) | .593 |
| Tobacco use | 1.00 (0.89, 1.12) | .949 |
| Diabetic medications | ||
| Oral antidiabetic | 1.06 (0.97, 1.15) | .191 |
| Insulin | 0.70 (0.61, 0.81) | <.001 |
| Antihypertensive | 0.94 (0.86, 1.04) | .227 |
| Lipid lowering | 1.53 (1.39, 1.69) | <.001 |
| Surgical procedures | ||
| Lower extremity amputation | 0.59 (0.22, 1.46) | .265 |
| Coronary artery bypass graft | 1.22 (0.62, 2.38) | .566 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 0.98 (0.63, 1.54) | .945 |
| Resource utilization | ||
| Outpatient visit | 1.06 (0.76, 1.49) | .726 |
| Urgent care visitf | 1.04 (0.93, 1.18) | .489 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||
| 1 ≤ CCI < 3 vs. CCI = 0 | 1.15 (1.03, 1.29) | .012 |
| CCI ≥ 3 vs. CCI = 0 | 1.40 (1.08, 1.81) | .012 |
Statistical significance is indicated with bolded text
95% CI 95% confidence interval, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index
aOdds ratio >1 indicates a higher likelihood of dual-goal achievement (defined as HbA1c <7% (53 mmol/mol) and LDL-C <100 mg/dL). Goal achievement status was determined at 7–12 months following the index date; covariates were measured in the 1-year period around the index date (i.e., 6 months before and 6 months after). Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test suggested that the model fit well (P > .05)
bIncludes skin, urinary tract, and kidney infections
cIncludes glaucoma, macular edema, retinal edema, vitreous hemorrhage, and blindness
dIncludes foot ulcer, bone changes, amputation, and other ulcerations
eExcludes macrovascular complications
fIncludes emergency room and inpatient visits