Table 1.
Demographic and lifestyle characteristics of the study sample by coffee and tea frequency of consumption categories (n = 8,821)
| Coffee consumption | P | Tea consumption | P | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 cup/day | 1–2 cups/day | >2 cups/day | <1 cup/day | 1–2 cups/day | >2 cups/day | |||
| Total population, n (%) | 2,734 (31) | 3,695 (41.9) | 2,392 (27.1) | – | 1,743 (19.8) | 5,145 (58.3) | 1,933 (21.9) | – |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.004 | 0.006 | ||||||
| Male | 1,399 (51.2) | 1,736 (47.0) | 1,156 (48.3) | 804 (46.1) | 2,494 (48.5) | 993 (51.4) | ||
| Female | 1,335 (48.8) | 1,959 (53.0) | 1,236 (51.7) | 939 (53.9) | 2,651 (51.5) | 940 (48.6) | ||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 58.2 (7.0) | 58.0 (7.0) | 56.8 (6.9) | <0.001 | 57.8 (6.9) | 57.7 (7.0) | 57.6 (6.9) | 0.654 |
| Total energy intake (kcal), mean (SD) | 2,106.2 (648.9) | 2,127.7 (610.7) | 2,233.4 (661.4) | <0.001 | 2,086.6 (675.6) | 2,133.3 (616.5) | 2,250.2 (651.5) | <0.001 |
| Educational level, n (%) | 0.047 | 0.200 | ||||||
| Low | 309 (11.3) | 448 (12.1) | 231 (9.7) | 211 (12.1) | 548 (10.7) | 229 (11.9) | ||
| Medium | 1,620 (59.3) | 2,197 (59.5) | 1,437 (60.1) | 1,017 (58.4) | 3,113 (60.6) | 1,124 (58.2) | ||
| High | 801 (29.3) | 1,050 (28.4) | 722 (30.2) | 514 (29.5) | 1,480 (28.8) | 579 (30.0) | ||
| Occupational level, n (%) | 0.034 | 0.449 | ||||||
| Low | 1,441 (54.5) | 1,929 (53.5) | 1,224 (52.4) | 904 (53.2) | 2,678 (53.5) | 1,012 (53.8) | ||
| Medium | 892 (33.7) | 1,258 (34.9) | 875 (37.5) | 588 (34.6) | 1,789 (35.7) | 648 (34.4) | ||
| High | 313 (11.8) | 421 (11.7) | 235 (10.1) | 207 (12.2) | 540 (10.8) | 222 (11.8) | ||
| Current smoking (yes), n (%) | 2,022 (74.1) | 2,612 (70.9) | 1,519 (63.7) | <0.001 | 1,172 (67.4) | 3,606 (70.3) | 1,375 (71.2) | 0.028 |
| Alcohol drinking (yes), n (%) | 127 (4.6) | 131 (3.5) | 121 (5.1) | 0.010 | 120 (6.9) | 182 (3.5) | 77 (4.0) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity level, n (%) | 0.657 | 0.015 | ||||||
| Low | 729 (28.1) | 1,039 (29.6) | 632 (27.9) | 477 (29.0) | 1,420 (29.2) | 503 (27.1) | ||
| Moderate | 950 (36.7) | 1,264 (36.0) | 832 (36.7) | 606 (36.8) | 1,799 (37.0) | 641 (34.6) | ||
| High | 912 (35.2) | 1,209 (34.4) | 800 (35.3) | 563 (34.2) | 1,647 (33.8) | 711 (38.3) | ||