Table 2.
Risk of developing depressive symptoms according to domains of physical activity
| Unadjusted | P for trend | Model 1a | P for trend | Model 2b | P for trend | Model 3c | P for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leisure-time exercise | ||||||||
| MET hours per week | ||||||||
| 0 (n = 17 704) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| >0 to < 3.75 (n = 2753) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) | 0.89 (0.82, 0.97) | 0.90 (0.82, 0.98) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | ||||
| 3.75 to < 7.5 (n = 2627) | 0.88 (0.81, 0.97) | 0.84 (0.77, 0.92) | 0.84 (0.77, 0.92) | 0.90 (0.82, 0.98) | ||||
| 7.5 to 16.5 (n = 3422) | 0.85 (0.78, 0.92) | 0.82 (0.76, 0.90) | 0.82 (0.76, 0.89) | 0.92 (0.84, 0.99) | ||||
| 16.5 to < 25.5 (n = 1284) | 0.73 (0.64, 0.84) | 0.72 (0.63, 0.83) | 0.72 (0.63, 0.83) | 0.85 (0.74, 0.98) | ||||
| ≥25.5 (n = 1292) | 0.85 (0.74, 0.96) | <0.001 | 0.79 (0.69, 0.90) | <0.001 | 0.80 (0.70, 0.91) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.83, 1.08) | 0.031 |
| Occupational physical activity | ||||||||
| Sedentary (n = 17 125) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Standing or walking (n = 9579) | 0.88 (0.84, 0.93) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.92) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.92) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | ||||
| Fairly active (n = 2378) | 0.96 (0.88, 1.05) | 0.002 | 0.90 (0.82, 0.99) | <0.001 | 0.91 (0.82, 1.00) | <0.001 | 1.01 (0.91, 1.12) | 0.81 |
| Walking to and from work, min | ||||||||
| 0 to < 20 (n = 15 839) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 20 to < 40 (n = 9180) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | ||||
| ≥40 (n = 4063) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.99) | 0.053 | 0.97 (0.90, 1.05) | 0.74 | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 0.38 | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | 0.54 |
Data are shown as hazard ratios (95 % confidence intervals)
aAdjusted for age (year, continuous), sex, body mass index (<18.5 kg/m2, 18.5 to < 23 kg/m2, 23.0 to < 25.0 kg/m2, 25.0 to < 30.0 kg/m2, or ≥ 30.0 kg/m2), smoking (non-smoker, smoker consuming 1 to < 10, 10–20, or ≥ 20 cigarettes per day), alcohol consumption (non-drinker, drinker consuming < 1, 1 to < 2, or ≥ 2 go of Japanese sake equivalent per day, where 1 go of Japanese sake contains approximately 23 g of ethanol), shift work (yes or no), overtime work (<45 h per month, 45 to < 60 h per month, 60 to < 80 h per month, 80 to < 100 h per month, or ≥ 100 h per month), job position (high or low), marital status (unmarried, married, or divorced or bereaved)
bAdditionally adjusted for mutual relations (e.g., adjustment for occupational and commuting activity for leisure-time exercise)
cFurther adjusted for baseline depression scores (continuous)