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. 2015 Sep 18;15:227. doi: 10.1186/s12870-015-0596-0

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© Hagel et al. 2015

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Major routes of BIA biosynthesis leading to (S)-reticuline (light pink), papaverine (yellow), morphine (green), sanguinarine (orange), berberine (blue) and noscapine (purple). C-O and C-C coupling reactions are shown for berbamunine (olive) and corytuberine (dark pink), respectively. Red within each alkaloid highlights enzyme-catalyzed structural changes. Solid and dotted arrows represent reactions catalyzed by single and multiple enzymes, respectively. Enzymes abbreviated in blue text have been characterized at the molecular level, whereas those in black text have not been cloned. Abbreviations: 3'-OHase, 3'-hydroxylase; 3'OMT, 3'-O-methyltransferase; 3OHase, 3-hydroxylase; 4HPPDC, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate decarboxylase; 4'OMT, 3'-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase; 6OMT, norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase; AT1, 1,13-dihydroxy-N-methylcanadine 13-O-acetyltransferase; BBE, berberine bridge enzyme; BS, berbamunine synthase; CAS, canadine synthase; CFS, cheilanthifoline synthase; CNMT, coclaurine N-methyltransferase; CODM, codeine O-demethylase; CoOMT, columbamine O-methyltransferase; COR, codeinone reductase; CTS, corytuberine synthase; CYP82X1, 1-hydroxy-13-O-acetyl-N-methylcanadine 8-hydroxylase; CYP82X2, 1-hydroxy-N-methylcanadine 13-hydroxylase; CYP82Y1, N-methylcanadine 1-hydroxylase; CDBOX, dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase; CXE1, 3-O-acetylpapaveroxine carboxylesterase; MSH, N-methylstylopine hydroxylase; N7OMT, norreticuline 7-O-methyltransferase; NCS, norcoclaurine synthase; NMCanH, N-methylcanadine 1-hydroxylase; NMCH, N-methylcoclaurine 3'-hydroxylase; NOS, noscapine synthase; P6H, protopine 6-hydroxylase; REPI, reticuline epimerase; SalAT, salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase; SalR, salutaridine reductase; SalSyn, salutaridine synthase; SanR, sanguinarine reductase; SOMT, scoulerine 9-O-methyltransferase; SPS, stylopine synthase; STOX, (S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine oxidase; T6ODM, thebaine 6-O-demethylase; TNMT, tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase; TYDC, tyrosine decarboxylase; TyrAT, tyrosine aminotransferase