Table 2.
Efficacy, Safety, and Usability of the GlucoTab System on Different General Wards
| Variable | Total (n=99) | Nephrology (n=15) | Cardiology (n=30) | Endocrinology (n=42) | Plastic surgery (n=12) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Length of study (days) | 7.8±4.5 | 8.5±5.4 | 6.8±4.1 | 8.8±4.4 | 5.9±3.7 |
| Implementation (%) | |||||
| Performance of expected | |||||
| BG measurement | 95.2 | 92.4 | 97.2 | 94.8 | 98.4 |
| Bolus insulin injections | 94.2 | 96.8 | 97.4 | 93.2 | 86.5 |
| Basal insulin injections | 99.4 | 100 | 100 | 98.7 | 100 |
| Adherence to | |||||
| Total daily insulin dose | 97.5 | 98.5 | 97.5 | 98.0 | 92.9 |
| Bolus dose suggestion | 96.5 | 94.3 | 97.2 | 96.3 | 95.1 |
| Basal insulin suggestion | 96.7 | 91.1 | 96.3 | 96.8 | 91.0 |
| Efficacy and safety | |||||
| BG (mg/dL) | |||||
| Mean daily | 154±35 | 162±34 | 163±33 | 150±35 | 134±31 |
| Mean prebreakfast | 147±43 | 151±38 | 156±47 | 147±44 | 119±28 |
| Mean prelunch | 170±54 | 197±59 | 179±58 | 163±50 | 137±36 |
| Mean predinner | 153±41 | 141±51 | 164±40 | 146±36 | 164±42 |
| Mean bedtime | 153±39 | 165±41 | 164±31 | 146±39 | 136±42 |
| Pre-enrollment | 188±73 | 185±43 | 173±58 | 204±88 | 158±55 |
| BG in target 70–140 mg/dL (%)a | 50.2±22.2 | 39.3±13.7 | 40.7±18.9 | 52.3±20.7 | 64.9±24.6 |
| BG in different ranges (%) | |||||
| <40 mg/dL | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 40 to <60 mg/dL | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.4 |
| 60 to <70 mg/dL | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 2.2 | 1.3 |
| 70 to <180 mg/dL | 72.5 | 64.6 | 70.6 | 74.4 | 83.7 |
| 180 to <300 mg/dL | 22.9 | 29.4 | 27.2 | 20.0 | 14.2 |
| ≥300 mg/dL | 2.7 | 5.0 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 0.4 |
| Antihyperglycemic therapy | |||||
| First calculated TDD (IU)b | 38.9±21.7 | 33.6±11.3 | 33.5±16.6 | 44.8±27.5 | 38.3±15.1 |
| First TDD/kg of body weight (IU) | 0.43±0.19 | 0.36±0.10 | 0.39±0.11 | 0.49±0.24 | 0.44±0.14 |
| Mean daily injected insulin dose during study (IU) | |||||
| Injected bolus insulin dose | 28.5±19.2 | 27.3±14.9 | 25.8±12.3 | 32.5±25.1 | 21.0±6.7 |
| Injected basal insulin dose | 22.9±18.2 | 21.0±7.6 | 17.8±8.6 | 28.7±25.0 | 17.1±7.4 |
| Concomitant drugs (n) | |||||
| Patients with OADs | 36 | 2 | 13 | 14 | 7 |
| Patients with GLP-1 analogs | 6 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 |
| Patients with steroids | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
a
Primary end point. Significant differences occurred between Endocrinology and Cardiology (P=0.02), Plastic Surgery and Nephrology (P=0.01), Plastic Surgery and Cardiology (P=0.02), and Nephrology and Endocrinology (P=0.01).
b
Total daily dose (TDD) might deviate from the injected total insulin dose of Day 1 depending on the time of day when a patient was started on GlucoTab therapy.
BG, blood glucose; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; IU, international units; OAD, oral antidiabetes drug.